The Shrinking Middle Class: Take Two (Extra Credit Response)

All the way back, before Spring Break, I went to a Deliberation about the Middle Class. (I wanted to go to the 50 Shades of Sexual Consent Deliberation, however it was postponed because of the weather, so sorry Dr. O’Hara for going to a debate about the exact same topic as my own, but let me say: this deliberation about the middle class went way better than our deliberation went!) This deliberation was a lot better than my own deliberation for many reasons. First of all it was in its own room, so there were no distracting noises. Second of all, a lot of people showed up (I think because it was one of the last deliberations that wasn’t postponed) so there were a lot of people outside of the class to discuss. Thirdly, they did not have Jim present, meaning no one was afraid to speak their opinions. The actual deliberation was set up very different as well. It didn’t seem like the whole class, or even half of the class was facilitating the deliberation, because only five students (rather than the 11 or so that we had) were there dressed up and talking. The way they worked was there was one person who introduced the deliberation and the rules, and each of the three topics was presented by one person and then the last person was in charge of the conclusion. Then the group of community members/student was split in half and each member visited each half to talk about their position while another member that was not busy took notes. A lot of information was covered in their deliberation that wasn’t covered in ours. For example, their point was that the middle class was shrinking and they wanted to know what should be done to fix it in three different realms of government systems. The first possible solution was changing the school systems (somehow) so that grades 1-12 were better taught, or changing the college system so that college was more affordable. There were so many things to discuss just in this topic alone. I could not tell if this was good because it gave people more to talk about, or if it was bad because there was no possible way we could ever finish discussing any of the three topics in twenty minutes. The other things that we talked about were getting rid of social security, and getting rid of some government assistance. Some people felt that some people just cheated the unemployment system and that there should be harsher regulations on the government giving out aid to people. They also mentioned raising income taxes, but they did not focus on it nearly as much as we did. They more talked about raising taxes on other things like investments. The other solution we had in common was raising minimum wage. Surprisingly almost everyone in my group agreed that minimum wage needed to be reevaluated. The deliberation as a whole was really good due to the fact that everyone could speak their mind. Unfortunately I think I spoke more times in this deliberation than I did in my own. I have learned that the key to group communication is to have an open environment where everyone feels comfortable sharing ideas, even if they are unsure how their idea will be received.

(Note, the first extra deliberation I went to was about Penn State Health Care and is tagged under Civic Issues.)

“The Great Debate” (Extra Credit Response)

“The Great Debate”: The Legalization of Recreational Marijuana vs. The Legalization of Only Medical Marijuana

Marijuana is a drug that can be used medicinally or recreationally. As the legalization of marijuana is becoming more prevalent in the United States, people across the nation are debating its uses. This year the econ department held a debate discussing this topic.

The debate began with each side having five minutes to give their main arguments and then the other side got two minutes for a rebuttal. The recreational side’s main claim was that marijuana can be a huge source of economic growth, while the medical side felt strongly that the power should be given to the doctors, not the politicians.

The first argument the recreational side was that marijuana being classified as a class one drug was that the crime associated with it is a waste of taxpayer money, inherently racist, and leads to unnecessary gang violence. However, the medical side came back with a quick rebuttal claiming that once recreational marijuana was legalized in DC that they actually had to employ a larger police force. Furthermore the pro medicinal side showed that Colorado didn’t make nearly as much money as they were expecting because as soon as the drug was legalized recreationally, the prices dropped and little profit could be made.

The next main point that the recreational side made was that the growing of hemp on American soil would also help the United States financially and it would be good for the environment. They mentioned that the only part of the hemp plant that was used to get high was the flowering part and the rest of the plant is useful for making other things like shirts, rope, parachutes, and paper. They claimed that it would save a lot of trees if hemp were to be used for paper, mentioning that our Declaration of Independence was made out of hemp. However, the medicinal side had a good rebuttal for this too, they reminded us that the hemp plant was totally out of context for the debate because only some varieties of hemp plants had psychoactive properties and that the plants used for this purpose and the ones used to make paper and stuff would likely not be the same.

The final argument that the pro medical use only side made was that it would be safer for everyone if marijuana only medicinal marijuana was legalized because not only would the people who could benefit from it get access to it, but the doctors will also gain the ability to study its effects on a small, controlled population before the entire population is given access. I don’t think that the recreational side had a real rebuttal to this other than the fact that they thought that limiting legalization was limiting American’s freedoms.

In the end, the recreational side won by a large margin. As far as rhetorical strategies go, the medical side pulled out all of the stops using logos and pathos (I am not sure if they used ethos). Unfortunately their efforts to convey their ideas were in vain because (due to the crowd being made up completely of college students) there was a bias present that they could not overcome.

Queen Control

The other day I read an interesting paper about the identification of a pheromone produced by the Lassius Niger ant queen that promotes worker sterility. A pheromone for those who don’t know is a chemical released by an organism into its environment that facilitates communication with other members of its own species. Humans are thought to have sex pheromones, but due to our advanced speech, eyesight, etc. (things that facilitate communication) we really don’t need other pheromones. Ants however rely on pheromones for the majority of their communication. If you haven’t read my blog before I will mention that ants are eusocial organism that are very community-oriented and behave as a group instead of as individuals. A key characteristic of eusociality is that there is a division of brood care into reproductive and non-reproductive groups.

The main reason organisms reproduce is to pass on their genes to future generations. So then how is there only one queen in an ant colony, one reproducing female? The main evolutionary system at play is genetics, but the way this system is facilitated is through pheromones. What I mean by this is that all ant workers are female and share 75% of their DNA (this is the genetics part) and that makes them okay with only their queen reproducing because they are so highly related that even though they themselves aren’t reproducing, still a sufficient amount of their genes are getting passed onto the next generation. But how does this actually happen? All female ants have working reproductive structures, so why don’t they just reproduce on their own if they feel like it? Well, scientists have found that pheromones are produced by the queen ant that make the female worker ants physically unable to reproduce.

The queens produce a pheromone which is then picked up by the antennae of the worker. The presence of this pheromone causes the antennae of the ants to pass along a signal to the body’s endocrine system. (Sort of similar example in humans: Our body temperature has to stay within a set range for use to stay alive. So when it is cold, the body naturally senses it and reacts; it’s involuntary that blood leaves our extremities and we start to shiver.) It’s kind of the same with ants. The antennae sense the pheromone and through the activity of hormonal pathways, there are signals that cause the ant to be sterile. The sterility is specifically caused by the production of juvenile hormone that inactivates the ovaries. Therefore the ant may have the reproductive structures, but she does not have the proper reproductive hormones and therefore cannot reproduce.

A really interesting thing about this queen control is that it not only affects the reproductive hormone pathways, the study also showed that it decreased worker aggression. This helps prevent a random ant worker from trying to overthrow the queen. The study also showed that when a queen was hurt and an immune response was required, the production of the pheromone was greatly reduced. This mechanism is put into place so that if a queen ant is hurt badly enough that it is affecting her reproductive abilities, the drop in pheromone production will be a signal that the worker ants pick up and it will cause their own ovaries to start becoming active. Then there is sort of a queen race where the worker ant with the highest ovary activation will start producing the queen control pheromones and replace the injured queen. This mechanism ensures the best, most successful reproduction possible, because without it, the colony would collapse.

So I know the part about the 75% DNA may be a little confusing since I did not explain it, but here is a link to a website that explains it well. http://www.bumblebee.org/Haplodiploidy.htm

Social Amoebas…?

You may think that this title is a mistake. How can an amoeba, an organism without a brain, be social? Amoebas aren’t more than a cell, yet certain species can work together to survive.

Let’s discuss sociality: what defines a social relationship and how did it evolve? Well for an organism to evolve physically or behaviorally, the change has to benefit the organism’s fitness. The reason for parents to work together to raise their young is one simple example. If the only advantage two parents rearing a child had was that they could collect twice as much food would not increase fitness and be a drastic enough effect of working together. However if with two parents one collected food and one stayed back at the nest to protect the baby at all times, this would increase fitness because the baby has a much reduced chance of dying. So basically 1+1=2 will not create evolution, but 1+1=5 will. (I hope this analogy makes sense.)

Thy type of sociality in these dictyostelium discoideum amoebas is not regular sociality but eusociality. The defining factors of eusocial relationships are that organisms live in big colonies with a caste system. This system allows for cooperative brood care (when individuals take care of offspring from other individuals), overlapping generations within a colony of adults, and a division of labor into reproductive and non-reproductive groups.

So now that you understand the why, now we can talk more about the what. The what is the dictyostelium discoideum amoeba. They feed on bacteria and as they grow they get together in large groups that form a slug shaped body.

The Cellular Slime Mold (Dictyostelium discoideum) slug stage. LM X30

(not actually purple, just the lighting)

This slug shaped body actually has the ability to move towards the light. There are castes in this slug body, the front 20% are the ones that die, and the back 80% are the ones who live. You would think that the ones that die for the others would be in the back of the slug and get less food. However, the ones at the front who get the most food are actually the most well-fed. Some of the ones in the back of the slug are more starved and act as the signal for when the slug should turn into a stalk with a bulb on the end. So let me explain. The way the life cycle of these amoeba work is that they make stalks (made out of the dead 20%) with bulbs at the top filled with the living amoeba.

dicty 2

 

These amoeba feed on the bacteria on the forest floor mostly found on animal feces. When flies land on the feces, they land on the amoeba as well, eat them, and transfer them somewhere else where the life cycle is repeated. If the amoeba did not work together, they would have to hope a fly would land on their tiny, tiny single-celled selves. But if they act together, it is much easier for them to be dispersed.

The mechanisms behind how the amoeba do this are complicated to explain but I will try to tell you what I think I know about them. If certain alleles are different in a specific gene, the amoeba can actually differentiate who is the same and who is different. The amoeba slugs will deform and reform, picking up random amoeba until they are made up of enough of the genetically-same (clones) amoeba.

This is super cool to me. These little amoeba, basically the simplest organisms one can find, are interacting socially on such a high level. Studying this behavior can give us major insight into how and why other organisms interact the way they do. By studying simple examples, scientists can hope to better understand what is the intensely complex system of animal, and even human behavior.

Even though this wasn’t about ants, I hope you enjoyed it. I think it gives perspective on why we study ant behavior in the first place.

picture 1 from https://photoeditor61.wordpress.com/2014/03/11/slime-mold-race/

picture 2 from http://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/7145/how-selfish-is-dictyostelium-slug-formation