Tag Archives: Freedom of Speech

Egyptian Journalists Still Have Restricted Rights

When president Hosni Mubarak was ousted in a military coup after the Egyptian Revolution in 2011, it was viewed as a new era for Egypt, one where the country overthrew a dictator, became more “free,” and reporters could report on issues in the country without the fear of being repressed by the government.

However, the country has faced a ton of turmoil since the revolution. Since Mubarak was ousted, Egypt went from being under military rule, to president Mohammed Morsi, to current de facto president, Adly Mansour. Because of this, there hasn’t been much protection of members of the media due to what some people call “repressive tactics.”

Mohammed-Morsi_2322003b

According to the Committee to Protect Journalists a non-profit group based out of New York, things in Egypt stayed largely the same, even after Mubarak was ousted as president. Under Morsi, the CPJ says that Egyptian journalists faced “legal and physical intimidation” and “wide censorship,” which is something he said wouldn’t happen while he was in control.

One thing that Morsi was notorious for during his tenure as Egypt’s president was going out of his way to censor any and all opposition to his regime. In the short time that he was in control of Egypt, the CPJ estimated that Morsi filed hundreds of defamation cases against opposing voices and that his administration assaulted at least 80 journalists.

 

Sources: http://english.alarabiya.net/en/media/2013/08/14/-Repressive-tactics-still-threaten-Egypt-press-freedom-says-watchdog.html http://www.cpj.org/

Propaganda in Egypt

media-freedom

The current situation in Egypt is dangerous and unstable and it is affecting everything from the safety of the citizens to the stability of their media system. The Egyptian constitution states that freedom of the media is guaranteed, but many citizens know that that is not the case. There are certain topics that people know not to cover, therefore the Egyptian media system is not free and it never has been. According to the article, Media International: “Egypt’s media is a propaganda machine”, the countries political situation is starting to affect the work of journalists. Recently, people have been noticing that the current media in Egypt is propaganda. Many journalists end up writing for powerful higher ups and end up getting manipulated into writing something that they wouldn’t have written otherwise. This manipulation could be looked at as exploitation of journalists to a certain extent. A lot of journalists report in this manner to avoid getting in trouble or sticking out. Many journalists fear that they could get in trouble for what they are writing so they end up self-censoring which is not ideal for a country with freedom of the media system. It is sad that these talented journalists cannot report freely and that they are afraid of what will be the outcome if someone doesn’t like what they write. This type of manipulation by power holders is definitely a way for the government to keep a strong hold on the citizens. For a country that claims to have free media system this example right here proves that they are not. By manipulating journalists, they can get out the exact message they want to portray to the citizens. Whether it’s keeping information from the citizens to keep them safe or happy with the government, this is definitely a form of propaganda.

Source:

http://www.dw.de/media-international-egypts-media-is-a-propaganda-machine/a-17288479

Al-Massae Newspaper and Richard Niny

The largest newspaper in Morocco, Al-Massae, reaches 170,000 households every day and is independent of the government or any political party. The closest newspaper in circulation rates in Morocco, Assabah, only reaches 125,000 households a day. Al-Massae became the most popular newspaper in Morroco in 2012 after Al Jazeera, a popular television channel in that region, named it as such. Since then, Al-Massae has kept that position and continues to grow.

Despite being the most popular newspaper in the nation, Al-Massae is relatively young with Rachid Niny creating the newspaper in 2006. Like newspapers in America, Al-Massae also features an online presence with a website and PDF versions of the daily newspaper available for purchase.

Al-Massae founder, Rachid Niny

Al-Massae founder, Rachid Niny

Niny created the newspaper in 2006 after working at Al-Alam, another newspaper in Morocco, that had a political affiliation. He also wrote a book and worked for 2M-TV, a government-owned television channel in Morocco. Al-Massae gave Niny a chance to report without any political affiliation or government ownership, but still found himself getting in trouble with the Moroccan government.

In 2008, Niny had to pay the government twice in fines for reporting on “defamation” and “public injury” when he reported on a public judge and a dean of the Rabat association in a negative light. But Niny’s biggest run-in with the law came in 2011 when he was charged with “disinformation” after criticizing the Moroccan Intelligence Agencies. Niny ended up spending a year in jail, and was released in the April of 2012.

This paints the landscape of media in Morocco. Newspapers and television stations can be independent of the government, but that does not mean that there will be no consequences for the way the public sector is covered. Niny wrote a few articles detailing the negative side of the Moroccan government and paid for it by spending time in jail and paying the fines with his own money.

Morocco Communication Minister bans publications

The Moroccan Communication Minister Mustapha Khalfi banned two French weeklies in 2012, which sparked outrage from the Human Rights Watch.  A February publication of Le Nouvel Observateur was banned because it contained pictured representations of God.  Khalfi also banned an issue of Le Pèlerin because it had pictures that depicted the Prophet Muhammed.  Sarah Leah Whitson, the Middle East and North Africa director at Human Rights Watch, argued against the ban saying “This ban violates the right of Moroccans to read – or not to read – publications of their choosing, only months after they approved a new constitution that is supposed to guarantee freedom of expression and press freedom.”

Morocco’s new constitution states, “Press freedom is guaranteed and cannot be restricted by any form of prior censorship.”  It does however, also gives the communication minister the power to ban publications that inflict harm to Islamic religion, territorial integrity or respect due to the king.  In the Le Nouvel Observateur case there was an image taken from an animated film showing a woman talking to God who is shown as a man with a white beard.  With Le Pèlerin the publication reproduced Turkish and Persian paintings from the 16th and 18th centuries depicting Muhammad with his face hidden. Khalfi, who is a member of the Islamist Party of Justice and Development, justified his banning of the French weeklies by saying that in both cases the pictures go against an Untied Nations decision that prohibits inflicting harm on religious beliefs.  However, Human Rights Watch feels that this is a misinterpretation of the international law governing freedom of expression, which doesn’t allow governments to restrict speech merely because it may offend members of a faith.

I agree with Human Rights Watch that it was wrong for Khalfi to ban the French publications.  I felt that in both instances the publications were not intentionally trying to offend any religious members and were just showing replications of other people’s work.  In regards to the Muhammad depiction I feel that since his face was hidden it is still respectful to the Muslim community.  I also feel that it is wrong that the Moroccan government gave the communication minister the power to ban whatever he feels is inappropriate since he can pretty much censor whatever he feels like.  I believe that giving this much power to one person is unwise and can lead to suppression of free speech like in the two cases talked about.

Posted by Tyler Ainge

Source: http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/02/10/morocco-weeklies-censored-depicting-god-muhammad