Agrippa (A Snapshot of its Time)

The deluxe version of “Agrippa (A Book of the Dead)” with its shroud.

History is told by that which is left behind. This comes in various forms: Records, ideologies, people, and particularly artifacts. This definition evokes images of ancient pottery, tattered scrolls, and stone tools embedded in tombs. However, every culture, no matter how old, leaves behind its artifacts, to be studied by the historians, anthropologists, and academics of today. As such, Agrippa (A Book of the Dead) is an excellent example of not just a collection of artifactual techniques and ideas but is itself an artifact of its time: the post-modern high art scene in 1992.

Agrippa consists of multiple parts, each with artifactual significance if viewed through certain lenses. The first component which would be viewable to someone who had shelled out the $1500-2000 for the deluxe edition in 1992 would be the case containing the book. The case is made to be a bit of an oxymoron: artificially distressed to appear older than it is, and made out of Kevlar, a polymer-based weave used to make light bulletproof vests. The distress is meant to make a book appear to be some sort of “relic of the future,” as was put by the Agrippa Files website. This artificial aging process is not unique, as it has been used for both recreation purposes by museums and enthusiasts alike, as well as for the sake of forgery in more unscrupulous circles to make fakes appear older than they really are. The Kevlar material also dates the work, as it is a more recent advancement in the long history of arms and armor, having come into popular use in the last fifty years. The case also contains the label for which this collaborative art project is named: the Agrippa photo album from Kodak’s album series, each named for a prominent figure in Greek mythology. This label acts as an artifact as well, representing not only the era of print photography but also the era of peak commercialized nostalgia, with the average consumer able to not only capture important life moments but all moments.

The next part would be the book itself, defined as an “artist’s book” rather than a traditional novel or manuscript. Once its shroud is peeled aside, the book appears aged similarly to the case itself, albeit with more obvious burns. The book contains prints of an artist’s facsimile of DNA cells, as well as a sequence of letters meant to look like a DNA genome sequence. Both of these points act as artifacts of the new scientific age present in the late 80s leading into the turn of the millennium, with the Human Genome Project starting no more than three years before the publishing of the book.

The final part is the disk that grabs so much of the public’s attention. The 3.5″ diskette is imbedded in a hollow cutout in the back half of the pages of the book, containing a 305-line poem by William Gibson, which evokes feelings of nostalgia for what would presumably be Gibson’s own childhood. The model of diskette used was notable for being rendered out of date by the end of the next year, 1993, as the Apple computer changed its input device which rendered the 3.5″ diskette obsolete. While there’s also commentary to be made about the nature of this sort of postmodern high art being an artifact that could only be of the late 1980s and early 1990s, that would only serve to distract from the main use of Agrippa from the perspective of a historical writer: a collection of artifacts representing different eras in media.

Relevant Links:

The Agrippa Files – Bibliography

Kevlar, as described by DuPont

The Human Genome Project

BASIC: Not So

While I usually pride myself on my high technological ability among my peers, thanks in no small part to the start of my education being based in Computer Engineering, I admit that time has waned my familiarity and skill on this front, particularly in the realm of things like coding. There was a time when I could easily code in the C++, Javascript, and Visual BASIC languages, but find that now my abilities are lesser than they were. This extends to my knowledge about the languages themselves, and how they relate to computers on a hardware level; ironically, the history and impact of these languages has escaped me. As such, the beginnings of consumer code in the form of BASIC has intrigued me to the point of further research.

BASIC, or Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, was, as the name implies, a high-level coding language. A high-level language is one that is closer to human language (in this case, English) than to what computers actually speak in, which is to say binary and derivative forms thereof. BASIC was developed and released by math professors John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz at Dartmouth College in 1964, meant to be used on the Dartmouth Time Sharing System, and to be approachable for the new, learning computer scientists of the day. The DTSS was Dartmouth College’s operating system that was used on their computers when BASIC was developed. BASIC quickly became a learner’s language that could be run on the newly emerging personal and home computers of the 1970s and 1980s, such as the Apple IIe and much of Hewlitt-Packard’s (today is known popularly as HP) early consumer line. This popularity came from both the simplicity of the language and the small file sizes that the language created and used. These purpose-built origins of BASIC are reminiscent of the beginning components of the Internet, such as ARPAnet and Tim Berners Lee’s work at CERN, with the utility of each of these later becoming more accessible and useful to a wider public. This exploding out was not planned by the creators of any of these, particularly Kurtz, who said later in an article by TIME that he and Kemeny were only “thinking only of Dartmouth,” and its application as a learning tool.

The language got spun into many variations to be used more widely than in the realms of academia or hobbyist computing. The previously mentioned article even points out that a fledgling Microsoft got its start by developing different purpose-built versions of BASIC to be used for other applications, such as Visual BASIC. The article continues on to track the spiderwebbing of BASIC throughout the world of computing, leading the development of new languages, new hardware, and programs galore. The decidedly less usual pursuits of the language are even explored deeper in the article, bringing up the development of games despite non-graphical representation, such as slot machines made in ASCII-esque art, before eventually turning into the more advanced versions and iterations of BASIC that included things like graphics and pictures as well as text. These spiraling advancements also expanded far beyond the walls of Dartmouth, spreading across the United States and further across the world to influence computing as a whole.

Sources (* = primary, - = secondary):
-Encyclopædia Britannica - The BASIC Computer Language
https://www.britannica.com/technology/BASIC
-Encyclopædia Britannica - Early Computing and SQL
https://www.britannica.com/technology/computer-programming-language/SQL#ref134617
-TIME Magazine - Fifty Years of BASIC
https://time.com/69316/basic/
*The original user manual for BASIC distributed by Kemeny and Kurtz
http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/dartmouth/BASIC_Oct64.pdf