TedTalk Elevator Pitch

Have you ever wondered why society has certain standards and norms for certain issues and ideas? I am sure you have, everyone has. According to SimplyPschology.org, social norms are the unwritten rules of beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that are considered acceptable in a particular social group or culture. Just like you, I have always wanted to know what is the purpose of norms and how they affect our everyday lives. When it comes to sexuality, the norm is heterosexuality, and many people, specifically people of the LGBTQIA+ community, want to know why? Why is it normal for a man to be with a woman, yet it is considered “abnormal” and “sinful” for individuals of the same gender to love one another? Loving someone should not be an issue, because the concept of love symbolizes happiness, joy, and warmth which is what we should want to spread in society.

Over the years, many stopped conforming to the norm of heterosexuality, and became more open and rebelled against society’s beliefs. Events such as the Stonewall Riots and the Supreme Court ruling in favor of gay rights in January of 1958 assisted in this process. Members and allies of the community have fought for very long to gain the rights they do. As my idea continues to evolve, I will research and relay information on why heterosexuality is the norm, and how the LGBTQIA+ community has broke the barriers of this. Thank you.

RCL Blog

In my TedTalk and evolving ideas essay, I plan to discuss how social norms influenced and still influence the LGBTQ+ community. To add, I will also talk about how citizens used to conform to the social norms/standards of heterosexuality and how that changed over time and affects society as a whole. Thanks to the creation of the Internet, a lot of the sources I will be using will be easily accessible on the web. I plan to use TedTalks that discuss these ideas, scholarly articles, documents, and books that can be found at our on-campus library or via Amazon. Below are some sources I will be using for my project(s).

LGBTQ Rights Timeline in American History

https://www.history.com/tag/lgbt-history

https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2020-06-25/lgbtq-acceptance-growing-in-us-and-other-countries-over-time

The book: We Are Everywhere: Protest, Power, and Pride in the History of Queer Liberation

Stonewall then and now

Stonewall Riots: The Beginning of the LGBT Movement

https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170315-the-invention-of-heterosexuality

https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1505&context=faculty_publications

Why Do Killers Have Fans?

Many of my passion blogs involve how the perpetrator of a crime has some type of fan base or support group and Rio raised the question of why that is. This is why I decided to change up the typical “true crime case” weekly passion blog(s) and discuss why killers have supporters. According to the APA Dictionary of Psychology, hybristophilia is the sexual interest in and attraction to those who commit crimes. This term was coined in the 1950s by psychologist John Money. His studies concluded that this perversion is mostly seen in heterosexual women in which they have some type of attraction and obsession with offenders who have a criminal record of rape, homicide, or robbery. This is also referred to as Bonnie and Clyde syndrome.

Though hybristophilia is a thing, it is hard to note the number of people who are affected with this paraphilia due to lack of research. To add, it is coined as a paraphilia because it endangers one’s mental and physical integrity. There are two types of hybristophilia: passive and aggressive. Passive hybristophilia are only attracted to criminals in a romantic and sexual way, but will not take part in the work the criminal does. Passive hybristophiles are convinced that their love will deter them from the track they are on. A good example of a passive hybristophile is Ted Bundy’s ex lover, Elizabeth Kendall. On the other hand, aggressive hybristophilia is when the attracted person will engage in the criminal acts the perpetrator is involved in. This can mean luring victims or directly engaging in these crimes. An example of this is the Barbie and Ken killers.

What causes hybristophilia?

The specific causes for this type of behavior are not definite and somewhat unclear, but from the minimal research done, studies show that a history of abuse, biology (genetics), dark triad, and social stereotypes. Many people who suffer from trauma unconsciously like to relieve their experiences as a way to cope with them, or it may be all they know so that is what they gravitate to. Studies show that women who experience trauma or abuse like more aggressive sexual and romantic partners. From personal experience, I can say that this is true. Some women I know will gravitate more towards a no good person versus a great person because that is all they know. Evolutionarily, the female species has been more attracted to aggressive males and this is because outward aggression is viewed as a display of power and manliness. Women believe these type of men will protect them and raise strong children. The dark triad refers to a combination of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy, which are attractive traits to some types of women; men who have these traits are typically criminals. Lastly, social stereotypes always influence a person one way or another. Some people in society have a “Monkey see, Monkey do” mentality, which can influence this behavior.

Are there any treatments for this?

There is no definitive treatment in place to combat this type of behavior. This type of paraphilia is not viewed as a mental disorder, which is a main factor in this outcome. The origin of the concept also influences this; it is an abstract idea and is complex to handle in the clinical setting. Studies on different types of paraphilia show that psychotherapeutic interventions based on behavioral and cognitive techniques are useful in some cases and the use of hormones and psychotropic medications can be helpful.

Speech Reflection

Overall, I was happy with how my speech turned out. It did take a lot of editing and reviewing before it ended up how it did, but I am glad I took all of the constructive criticism I was given. I could have done a little better with memorization, but I tried my best to not make my speech look manuscript. Compared to my peers, I do believe that I did good in terms of relaying similar amounts of information about the civic artifact itself. I did hope that my speech was 4 minutes and 30 seconds maximum, but luckily I had the extra minute grace period which allowed me to get all of my points across effectively without rushing.

For the next unit’s assignment, I will more than likely dress in more professional attire and stand up. I feel like my presentation was kind of lazy and it could have been a lot better. I also hope to memorize more of my content.

The Chessboard Killer

Trigger Warning: Death, Bullying, Alcohol Abuse

Alexander Pichushkin was known for keeping account of his victims on a chessboard. He kept a log of each of his victims on the board and at the time of his arrest, out of the 64 total squares on a chessboard, 61 were filled. He was born April 9, 1974 and he grew up Mytishchi, Moscow with his mother Natasha and his younger half-sister, Katya. His dad left the picture when he was 1 and his family grew up in the same apartment his entire life. The family apartment was a six minute walk from a so-called “bad neighborhood” by the name of Bitsevsky Park. It was said that Alex had a pretty normal early life, but when he reached the age of 4, that all changed. He fell off a swing and got hit with the same swing, and his mother did not take him to the hospital. Experts to believe there was damage to his frontal cortex and brain. This kind of damage is known to produce poor impulse control and can cause a spike in aggression levels which is exactly what happened to Alex following the incident.

Alex stated that school was not easy for him because he was verbally and physically abused and bullied by his peers. His mother then moves him into a school for children with learning disabilities to hope for better outcomes, but his grandfather felt as if the school was hindering Alex from expressing his gifts and talents. This leads to Alex moving with his grandfather and taking up activities outside of school and this is where chess comes in. Alex would play chess against older men with his grandfather at a local park. This park was located in an area many would describe as pretty grim. Alex caught on very fast and got very good at the game of chess. Alex’s grandfather would pass away at age 15, forcing him to move back with his mother and return to his old school where he was bullied. Due to these circumstances, he becomes an alcoholic.

He continues to play chess but is convinced that when he is drunk, he is 10 times better at a the game which spikes his drinking issue. Around this time, he begins to “jokingly” record himself threatening younger kids at the park. By 1992, Alex decides that torturing kids isn’t enough to fulfill his feelings of power and control, so he kills someone. On July 27, 1992, Alex is 18 and he confides in his classmate Michael and tells him that he wants to go on a killing spree and asks if he could join him. Michael agrees but when they begin the mission, Alex feels like Michael is not taking it as serious, so he kills him. Alex describes the feeling of this murder as someones “first love”. He was questioned by police but no charges were filed. He commits another murder that same year and yet again was questioned but police but the death was ruled a suicide. He does not commit another murder for another 9 years.

The year is now 2001 and Alex is 27. Many described him as charming, shy, and somewhat strange. His first victim after his hiatus was a man he played chess with and in the next 8 weeks following he commits 9 more murders. Things calm down for a bit and during the fall and winter seasons he kills 5 more people. No one caught on and the main reason is believed to be because Alex was targeting mostly elderly homeless men and he was luring them into the woods with free cigarettes or alcohol. His main pickup line was that he wanted company while he mourned the death of his dog that he buried in the woods (which was indeed true). After drinking with the victims he would attacks them and throw them down the wells of the park that led to the sewers.

It did not take long for Alex to reach 20 victims and many began to be people he played chess with. He begins to then target women and kids. One of his female victims named Maria survived an attack but she was illegally living in Moscow, so police tell her that if she stays quiet about the attack she can reside there and she decides to stay quiet. Moscow police were not good with handling crime and Alex could have been caught then. Alex continues to kill 3 more people in the next 2 weeks. Alex attempts to attack a 13 year old boy and he escapes and goes to police. Police then tell him he needs to go home because he smells like alcohol and cigarettes. The boy then sees Alex again at a train station where he reports this to police and police yet again tell him to go home.

Mid 2005, Alex had 40 victims and he finds it to be boring, so he changes his killing technique. Instead of throwing the bodies in the sewer, he leaves them out in the open. This causes the cops to actually take notice, especially because one of the victims was a retired police officer. Police end up arresting the wrong guy, which infuriates Alex because this man is “taking his credit”. June 13, 2006, Alex went after his final victim which is his coworker, Marina. Marina leaves behind Alex’s phone number and name in case of an emergency and it was somewhat beneficial to catching him. Police call his phone asking has he saw Marina and he replies no and hangs up, two days go by and they finally show up to his apartment to arrest him. This gave him a long enough window of opportunity to escape.

Alex wanted it to be known that he was purposely sloppy so he could be caught and he did not want police taking credit for catching him because he intentionally outed himself. He confesses to over 60 murders and informs police to where he placed the bodies. Police film one of Alex’s reenactments of the crime and Alex loves the attention. He admits that killing fulfilled a sexual satisfaction for him. His trial started September 13, 2007 and it lasted for about 46 days. Alex was kept in a glass cage during trial for his own protection. Alex also admitted he liked toying with the cops during his killing spree and the more risky the murder, the more powerful he felt. He also was very braggadocio about his murders and how violent they were. His motivation was to beat the record of a very well known serial killer in Russia as well by the name of Andrei Chikatilo. He insisted that he be charged with all 63 murders, but he was only charged with 49 and 3 attempted murders. Alex was convicted on November 24, 2007 and was sentenced to life in prison.

Alex like many serial killers has a very large fan base.

Ted Talk

The Ted Talk that I like a lot is one that was combined between TedTalk and Penn State. The speaker’s name was Candis Watts Smith and she discussed 3 myths about racism that keep the U.S. from progress. I like this TedTalk because she makes the topic very personal, appealing to pathos and allowing listeners to connect to her and possibly be persuaded by her words. She also goes into a lot of depth about the topic, and it helped shift my perspective on the topic of racism. She tells listeners that a lot of us have the concept of racism confused, or not fully understood, and after watching her speak I can see why she believes this. One of her points is that if we want to see change, it starts at the state and local levels. A lot of people believe we need to break down the entire government system to end racism when a lot of it is projected in different ways in several different states. Discussing the 3 myths may be hard to accept, especially because a lot of myths are embedded into our minds, but her discussion helps open the eyes and minds of me and more than likely her audience. She also gives a lot of suggestions or problem-solving ideas so we can shift the culture of racism and possibly eliminate it in the years to come. She does not make it seem like change is easy, yet she gives an optimistic outlook on the situation, which I love.

For my Unit Two project, racism may be a topic I do research on. The topic in itself has a lot of content, such as why it started, how it started, and common myths about the topic itself. Another topic I am interested in is criminological theories and how they evolved over time. A lot of how the criminal justice system is set up now starts from processes many may not believe. Discussing this could be highly informative. Lastly, the atomic theory is a topic I may discuss. I have always had an interest in the subject since the 10th grade, and I know enough about it to discuss its importance, how it shifts the minds of people, and how it effects society as a whole. Thankfully, we have the internet that can help with a lot of the research, but watching documentaries, more Ted Talks, and even reading scholarly articles or books are ways I can conduct research for these subjects.

Sex, Drugs, and Cannibalism: The Rose Larner Story

Trigger Warning: Cannibalism, Drugs Use, Murder

Rose Larner was the middle child amongst her other 2 siblings and they lived in Lansing, Michigan. Rose’s parents divorced when she was 4 years old which led to her sharing time between both of her parent’s households. Rose was described as an excellent student by her peers and previous instructors. When Rose reached age 18 (year 1993), her friends and family would call her a “Vampire” as a joke due to her always being awake at night. Her family said during this time, Rose was going through her “angry teenage years”. Many adults who encountered Rose shared the common idea that she was a lot to handle, but very generous and was there when you needed her.

Rose would always be on the phone with her friends, and a particular friend that she would talk to often was a boy named Billy Brown. They had been friends since the 5th grade and they did many different things together throughout the course of their friendship. Another friend of hers was Bailey and they met in the 3rd grade and they were also very close. Bailey and Rose had the same birthday, August 19th. Rose definitely did have enemies though. This was because she was very blunt and had quite a smart mouth. Rose’s mom, also named Rose, exaggerated her daughter’s behavior so that she could admit her into Rivendell Psychiatric Hospital with the intent to bring peace to their household since she was very reckless. Rose was surprised to be there, but she agreed to stay and ended up liking it there after three months of stay. Her release did upset her though.

Soon after her release, she got her first job at a local KFC, but her behavior got worse. She would skip school, get arrested for shoplifting, bring alcohol to school, and more. One day while Rose and Bailey were playing basketball at a park, a man approached them and engaged in conversation. Him and Rose seemed to hit it off and Bailey began to feel out of place, so she walked home. Rose goes to Bailey’s house later that night and she shows up in a distraught state. This was because the guy she met ended up raping her. The guy pleaded guilty to a lesser charge and only spent a month in jail. Rose dropped out of high school at 16, but got her GED at 17.

Rose’s mom set a curfew of 1 a.m. for Rose during the summertime and she gave her a pager if contact was needed. During the summer, Rose met a local rapper named John Kehoe and she was really obsessed with him. They eventually ended up dating. Rose, Billy, and John would always hang together, and eventually in October, Rose asked her mom if John could move in with them because he needed a place to stay. Her mom was hesitant at first, but she allowed him to stay. She liked him up until she went into Rose’s room and saw a bunch of guns laying out with a bunch of cash. John was making tons of money being a drug dealer which lead to him being kicked out, and this is where the downfall begins.

John and Rose’s relationship fell apart after he was kicked out which deeply upsetter her. The more John ignored her, the more passionate she got about receiving his attention. In November, there was a local party for teens and Rose knew John would be there, so she went and it led to an argument. As a result, she drove her van into John’s truck. John made a threat to kill her, but all she wanted was answers. On December 6, 1993, Rose got home at 11:30pm after work and she made a call to a friend. Her brother who was on the couch overheard an argument occurring during this call and eventually Rose told her she loved him and headed out. Around 1:30 a.m. Rose shows up to her mother’s job at a local convenience store, and her mom knew something was off. She suggested that Rose took the family van since it was cold and late, but Rose insisted that she was fine and would go hang with friends. She then tells her mom she loves her and goes to hang with friends.

Around 8 a.m. the next morning, Rose’s mom had a feeling that something wasn’t right, especially because Rose was not home. She then calls detectives to report her missing. A day goes by and no word from Rose yet. Her mother drove around to the spots she would usually be with friends but no results. She then calls Billy, but finds out he was not home either so she assumed Rose is with him. A day later, Billy calls Rose’s mom to inform her that he hasn’t seen Rose in a couple of days and had no idea who she was. The friends she normally talked to all said they haven’t heard from her since December 7th, which was unlikely for Rose since she always talked to her friends. Helicopters and police searched for her and nothing turned up. Police then turn to the community for help, and they receive several tips about her whereabouts. Some included that she was at a mall, others were that she was beaten with a baseball bat. Over 100 tips came in and they mentioned two names: Billy Brown and John Kehoe.

Billy was brought in for questioning and overtime they knew that he was involved some how with her disappearance. In April 1996, Billy calls detectives and says the night Rose disappeared, the night involved drugs, sex, murder, and body parts inside of John’s grandparents house. Billy stated that John killed Rose and not him and they went to John’s brother, Tim’s house to lay low. A warrant went out for the arrest of Billy and Tim and they were going to be charged with accessory to murder. John got word that an issue was warrant for his arrest and fled. John and Tim fled to Mexico and were later found, arrested, and sent back to Michigan in 1996.

Here are the details of what happened that night:

On December 7, 1993, Rose calls Billy to see if he can contact John so they can smoke weed, have sex, and do “average party things”. John picks up Rose and Billy around 3 a.m. John then pulls over to a dark road and the three engage in some form of sexual intercourse. John later went into a store and when he left, the bag contained a filet knife, two bottles of charcoal lighter fluid, a hatchet, and some trash bags. They then drive out to John’s grandparent’s house where John and Rose have sex again, and then the 3 shower together. The three get dressed in the bathroom, but John steps out and returns with a cord which he places around Rose’s neck. The only time Billy stepped in was to ask why he was killing her and John stated, “That b*tch has got to go, and that’s what’s going to happen.” Rose was then dead and John proceeded to place her into the bathtub and cut her throat. John and Billy then do cocaine together, and he goes back to inflicting more injury to her body. He grabbed the hatchet and a block of wood and cut up Rose. John then put her body parts into the basement’s fireplace so they could burn. The remains of the body were placed into a trashcan and they cleaned up the house and left.

The two drove about 100 miles to Billy’s family property, dug a hole, laid a bed of logs into the pit, placed the midsection of her body into the pit, dumped the 10 gallons of gasoline on her body and set her remains on fire; this continued for about 10 hours. Billy reports that John took some of Rose’s flesh, put it on a piece of bread with mustard and ate it. When the fire was done, the two filled garbage bags with Rose’s ashes and they spread the ashes along the roadside and highways all the way to Big Rapids, Michigan which is where Tim lived. Tim said he would handled all of the tools used for the murder. Billy was offered a lesser sentence if he chose to testify against John, which he did, and he was sentenced to a year for accessory to murder. John stood his own trial and denied any connection to the murder, stating that everything Billy told investigators was actually what Billy did and not him. John was sentenced to life without the possibility of parole. When given his sentence, he laughed. As of 2020, John is trying to get a new hearing to discuss his original trial, but things were put on hold because of COVID. John still stands firm that he is the accessory and Billy killed her because she denied him sex the day of her death. Weirdly enough, John is active on social media and it is believed that his accounts are ran by his fiancée.  Attached are some of his social media profiles.

 

http://johnortiz-kehoe.blogspot.com

Instagram: @johnortizkehoe

Speech Outline

     When there just is not enough justice, what steps would you take to advocate for your people? Today, I want you to take a couple of moments and foreshadow your future with me. Imagine you in 15 years in an honorable position of power, striving to make the world a better place for those around you and future generations to come. You work very hard to make sure everyone is treated equally and represented fairly, but your efforts are put on hold due to an unlawful arrest simply because you want to become an innovator for change. How would you feel if you were excluded from the outside world simply for trying to make it better?

     In A Letter From Birmingham Jail, Dr. King develops a response to 8 white clergymen who criticized him and his fellow peers for their civically engaged actions. Throughout this civic artifact, King educated readers on many things. These included the ongoing systemic racism in Alabama and why the protestors were engaging in these acts. He successfully did this by utilizing the theoretical concepts of ethos, pathos and logos to emphasize his arguments, using biblical allusions to tug on the beliefs of the clergymen, and lastly, using the commonplace ideologies of injustice and nonviolence to better help the clergymen understand the issues occurring in Birmingham, Alabama at that time.

     King uses ethos in the beginning of his letter directly stating, “I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every Southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia.” This recognizes his credibility as an activist. He also gives the late Greek philosopher, Socrates, an honorable mention which is another appeal to ethos. In a nutshell, he compares Socrates’s necessity to shift the mind of individuals to make them think on their own, to his idea that nonviolence creates the positive change needed between racism and unity. A final look at Dr. King’s execution of ethos is when he respectfully honors a congressman by the name of Mr. Botwell, even though he does not agree with his ideas. He directly states, “While Mr. Boutwell is much more articulate and gentle than Mr. Conner, they are both segregationists, dedicated to the task of maintaining the status quo”. 

     Appealing to the emotions of readers is an unintentionally easy task for Dr. King. He repeatedly implements this by discussing instances where African Americans were treated poorly and no justice was received for them as well as reinforcing his peaceful nature . For example, in his opening paragraph, he uses the phrase “patient and reasonable terms” to talk about his response to the letter of the clergymen. Another identifiable example is when he informs the clergymen that he and his fellow African American peers are (quote) “victims of a broken promise.” King uses logic by defining what a just and unjust law is. King quotes Thomas Aquinas to do this. Aquinas states, “An unjust law is a human law that is not rooted in eternal law and natural law”. This adds to the concept that laws only help small amounts of people and they have no religious or just outcomes, which is not good for the development of society. 

     King uses many biblical allusions to bring out the beliefs of the clergymen. At the time of the production of this letter, Birmingham was inhabited by predominantly, if not entirely Christian believers. He compares the actions of eighth century prophets such as Apostle Paul, to his service work. King again uses a biblical allusion when stating that our rights as American citizens are not only constitutionally given, but they are God-given as well. This is also a great use of logos, because it makes the readers believe that human rights are granted by God, everyone’es superior.

     Birmingham was one of the most segregated cities in America that had a very unattractive record when it came to systemic racism and police brutality. The residences and churches inhabited by African Americans of all ages were bombed on end, and were left unsolved. Dr. King was invited to Alabama to work on a non-violent, let me repeat, a NON VIOLENT, direct action program. This program was needed because injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere, so reform needed to occur quicker than the blink of an eye. According to King, nonviolent direct action was used as a response tactic to create such a crisis and establish such creative tension that a community that has consistently refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. They wanted their voices to be heard, and he knew that making political leaders uncomfortable would get the job done. These situations highlight the commonplace ideologies of injustice and nonviolence.

     The lens of representation is the most identifiable lens within this artifact. He acknowledges who is included and excluded, why, and why this is important. The actions of Dr. King were those of a civically active citizen in America. The first lesson taught in this course surrounded the ideas of civic engagement, civic life, and civic duty that is what Dr. King was about. 

     The effective application of theoretical concepts, commonplace ideologies, and rhetorical lenses enhance the importance and significance of the rhetorical situation; his wrongful arrest invited a response not only from him, but from his peers and advocates as well. This usage of exigence helps inform, persuade, and expand what the author wants the audience to believe, know, feel, or do. Thank you.

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Draft

     The 1954 to 1968 Civil Rights Movement was a time period that sparked change, development, and justice. Due to the help of many activists at the time, African Americans along with white allies, were able to achieve great heights, such as legislatively achieving the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X were two well-known activists at the time. They had many differences, such as religion and response tactics to combat injustice presented before them, but their main goal was to eliminate the problem of racism and segregation for the greater good. In “A Letter from Birmingham Jail” by Dr. King and “The Ballot or the Bullet ” by Malcolm X, both authors effectively persuaded and informed their audiences that injustice set upon African Americans should not be tolerated and direct action should be used to combat this issue through the inclusion of theoretical concepts, rhetorical situations, and more. 

     Referring to both speakers as “well known” only helps support the implementation of ethos within both artifacts. For example, in MLK’s speech, he directly states, “I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every Southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia.” This recognizes his credibility as an activist and a deeply affiliated member of the Christian community. In “The Ballot or the Bullet” by Malcolm X, he informs readers that he is a Muslim minister who believes in action, which shows a comaprison between the application of King’s use of ethos and X’s. 

     Pathos is an easy concept to apply in writing when it comes to both activists. They are very good at employing the idea of appealing to emotion in order to gain the respect and support of listeners all over the United States at a time when it was needed most. In “The Ballot or the Bullet”, Malcolm X repeatedly uses the pronoun, I to connect to his audience. For example, he tells listeners that he is not an American, but instead he is a victim of Americanism. The connotation of the word victim as well as implying that he is a victim of a situation makes readers think about if they are victims themselves. Next, in “A Letter from Birmingham Jail”, Dr. King informs the clergymen in his response that through painful experience, freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed. His use of the phrase “painful experience”, as well as “oppressor” and “oppressed” help acknowledge that there is an abuse of power that leads to pain and hurt amongst the black community. The inclusion of connotation and tone help employ the rhetorical appeals of pathos in both artifacts. 

     Logic is important because it helps influence the everyday decisions we as humans choose to make. The compelling use of logos helps both activists convince their audience that injustice is wrong and direct action is the only way to defeat this misfortune. To support this idea, Dr. King uses logos when answering questions he knew would arise from the clergymen and other readers. Some examples of this include when he stated, “You may well ask, “Why direct action, why sit-ins, marches, and so forth? Isn’t negotiation a better path?” and he responds accordingly. Another example is when he quotes, “Some have asked, “Why didn’t you give the new administration time to act?” and he then directly follows up with an in-depth and adequate response. In Malcolm’s speech, he uses logos when clearly identifying the stance of his audience as well as emphasizing the concept of putting differences aside to reach a common goal. He tells listeners that no matter what capabilities one may have or what one may identify as, differences need to be submerged to recognize the problem at hand. He also tells listeners that combating this problem that arose from the white man does not mean that they are anti-white, but instead it means they are anti-exploitation, degradation, and oppression. This use of logos helps identify the stance he and his audience takes with this issue.