• Indiscriminate, generalised, and mass protest surveillance is unlawful.
• Information gathering activities which have the effect of collecting, processing, and retaining any amount of personal data about protesters – whether publicly available or not, and whether obtained by overt or covert means, must be considered an interference with the right to privacy and a form of surveillance
• The right to protest is protected before, during and after a protest – and protest surveillance conducted at any stage of a protest should be subjected to legal limits and safeguards.
• Both the right to privacy and the right to freedom of assembly under international human rights law can be used to restrain police powers to surveil protesters.