Week 1: Adelie Penguins
While not as famous as their other Antarctic counterpart: the emperor penguin, these small penguins are about 100 times feistier. My honest belief is that these buggers survive mainly out of spite and are incentivized by chaos. They can be found all around the rocky Antarctic coast where they flock into colonies of at least 160,000 individuals. Adelies breed in mass numbers during the Antarctic spring, making nests out of pebbles they find on the dry, rocky coasts. Usually, the female Adelie picks the mate with the largest nest, thus male Adelies are prone to stealing from other nests and even exchanging favors (sometimes sexual) in order to attract the best mate. Most Adelie penguins mate for life, so pebble debacles are usually limited. In most penguins, homosexuality is natural and accepted, so homosexual pairs either adopt orphaned chicks, or steal chicks from unsuspecting parents. On average, Adelie penguins produce two chicks by the end of December, which the parents take care of in shifts from incubation to maturity. The chicks lose their fluffy down and are able to explore the Antarctic ocean by 7 to 9 weeks old. Adelie Penguins mature and return to their breeding grounds when they reach 3 to 5 years in age. With their average life expectancy of 10 to 20 years, Adelie penguins will produce 10 to 34 offspring during their lifespan. Of course, they often experience peril when hunting for Antarctic krill, even though they can dive up to 175 meters. The leopard seal is a major threat to Adelie penguins, and one of the most voracious Antarctic predators. The skua is another Adelie predator that mainly targets the most vulnerable populations, like eggs and chicks. However, skuas have a lower success rate than the leopard seal due to diligent, combative penguin parents. Though they’re listed as a “least concern” species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the rapid melting of sea ice is a major threat to the status of Adelie Penguins. Climate change is also rapidly changing the Antarctic food chain, with heating waters killing many food sources that Adelies depend on to feed themselves and their young. With dwindling food supplies, many Adelie parents have to choose to sustain themselves or their offspring. This disruption of the food chain has caused predators like the skua and the leopard seal to become more desperate, feeding on more and more Adelies due to dwindling prey populations throughout the Antarctic. Thankfully, direct human interactions aren’t a threat to Adelies, as Antarctica only hosts small, scientific settlements for research purposes. Overall, the best way to help Adelie penguins is through combating climate change on an international level. As Antarctica is an unclaimed territory, conservation of the continent requires international cooperation and attention. Therefore, the best way to help save this species is to minimize the affects of human-induced climate change across the board.
Source: https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/animals/penguins/adelie-penguins/