Category Archives: Vision

Literacy and “sightedness”

I have lived for as long as I can remember with the common medical condition of nearsightedness. In fact, while I can be corrected down to 20/20 vision, both of my eyes are very close to or at 20/400 uncorrected (above that, uncorrected vision is considered “legally blind”). My mother has poor vision, but it is correctable, and a few of my cousins have correctable, but poor vision as well. I was always under the impression that vision issues are genetic and that the whole world had issues with nearsightedness on par with the United States. Why else would so many people have vision issues? My mother grew up in an era where kids were expected to be outside from the time they left for school until dinner time. She didn’t watch TV, like she always warned me about (I’ve been an avid gamer from a young age, I blame my older brother), but her vision is almost as bad as mine. She is an English teacher, however, and has been reading since kindergarten…just like me.

 

When we went over in class how nearsightedness is actually most common in literate countries, but as common as farsightedness in illiterate countries, it made a lot of sense to me. I’ve read tens of thousands of pages of literature in the 13 years I’ve been reading on my own. I may have started with one fish, two fish, but now I’m reading 700 page epics, and have been since my mid-teens. I tend to read at night, with the book fairly close to my face (if I don’t have in contacts or glasses on, it literally has to be two inches away), which Dr. Wede explained was the likely cause of nearsightedness, having to focus on small text very close to your face. It was nice to know why my vision is as bad as it is, definitively, and now I have something to retort to my mother every time she tells me using my phone and computer all the time will make my eyes worse.

Monocular Cues – Motion Parallax

As part of the second unit in the class we discussed vision and many different aspects involved with our vision. One subject we discussed that I seemed to find very interesting was the discussion about Monocular Cues. Monocular Cues are used to help perceive depth by only using one eye. There are many types of cues for example; relative size, interposition, aerial perspective, linear perspective, texture gradient, and motion parallax. Artists use these cues to help portray depth in their work and create a more realistic creation. Each of these cues helps portray depth in different ways and they are all used and perceived in many different ways all of the time.

Relative sized is used when two or more objects are being compared. The one that is smaller, therefore casting a smaller image on the retina is seen and perceived as farther away then the object that is bigger. Interposition, which is also referred to, as occlusion is when one object is in front of or blocking the other object, meaning that the object being blocked is behind that is blocking it. Another cue we discussed was linear perspective, which is when parallel lines are used to converge in the distance. This can be seen a lot when creating roads or long distances in paintings.  People often get this mixed up with convergence but they are not the same thing and should not be mixed up. One other cue is motion parallax, which for me seems to be the most common and easy to understand.

Motion parallax is when an object closer to you tends to move at a speed much faster than an object that is farther away. When I was coming back home for spring break and was looking out the window I seemed to notice this a lot. When I was looking directly out the window right next to the bus the area on the ground made it seem like we were moving at such an great speed. However, when I looked beyond what was just in front of me and into the distance I did not feel as if we were still moving with that same speed. Everything that was much farther away was moving with a slower speed compared to the ground right next to the bus. Motion parallax is used to determine absolute depth perception and helps display the discrepancy in motion of near objects and of objects that are much farther away.

Vision and Cataracts

One of the ways that we gather information about the world around us and interpret that information is through sight. Light can have an array of wavelengths and amplitudes. Different wavelengths correspond to different colors and different amplitudes determine the perceived brightness. Light rays enter the eye through a transparent tissue called the cornea and through an opening called the pupil. The pupil is surrounded by the colored muscle called the iris which contracts to adjust the size of the pupil. The light then travels through the transparent lens which focuses the light on the retina. The retina consists of two types of light receptors called rods and cones. Cones detect color and rods help us see when little light rays are present. Images that we see are focused on the fovea at the back of the retina. The retina also contains numerous types of neurons such as ganglion cells and bipolar cells. These cells process the light energy into neural impulses. The impulses are transported to the brain via the optic nerve which is located at the back of each eye. The optic nerve leads to the thalamus in the center of the brain. The information then travels from the thalamus to the visual cortex at the back of the brain. This is the location where the neural impulses are interpreted. Without vision, we would not be able to perceive and interpret the information around us.

In order for vision to occur, all of the parts of the eye must be functioning correctly. As people age, it is very possible that cataracts form in the eyes. A cataract is a clouding of the lens of the eye. It is described as looking through frosty glass; everything is fuzzy and unclear. There are different stages of cataracts, but if left untreated, they can cause blindness. My great grandma had cataracts and they were so bad that she could not see to drive, sew, or even cook dinner. Today, there are corrective laser surgeries available that can shave off parts of the lens that are affected. Whenever she had cataracts, there were cataract surgeries, but they were done with a knife and not a laser beam. These surgeries were extremely dangerous. During her surgery, both of her corneas got damaged. The doctors had to cut around the cornea to get to the lens, but they did it incorrectly. Even though her lenses were fixed, the damage to the corneas affected her vision immensely. Even after the cataract surgery, she was still considered legally blind. The cornea is not easily fixed; she waited on the organ transplant list for months until a man who had similarly shaped corneas died in a car crash. After she got new corneas, her vision was restored and she could go back to her normal daily activities (including reading the newspaper!). Without fully functional parts in the eye, it is obvious that there are extreme side effects. We now know that most eye cataracts are caused by the effects of sun damage over time. We have polarized and ultraviolet lenses in sunglasses now to protect from damage to all parts of the eye.

Corpus callosum tsb5226

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfGwsAdS9Dc

Epilepsy is a long-term neurological disorder that can cause epileptic seizures.  An option to reduce or stop the amount of seizures is to cut the corpus callosum, which is the connection between the two hemispheres of the brain.  Although cutting the corpus callosum can stop epileptic seizures, the connection between the two sides of the brain becomes more difficult to send information to each other.  Now after the brain is severed, the brains can think independently.

In the link above is a video a egg factory worker Joe, a man with epilepsy who has had his corpus callosum cut to stop the seizures.  They first show Joe being given the task to draw two different shapes at the same time with both hands.  As he is given the two shapes, Joe’s two hemispheres are able to think independently and draw each individual shape at the same time.  With cutting the corpus callosum, psychologists were able to determine that language is held in the left hemisphere of the brain using the experiment to close the left eye and have an image shown on the right side of the computer.  As the word was shown, the left side of the brain responds and tells Joe to correctly say the word.  With attempting the other eye and the left side, the brain perceives the word given but can have the body speak the word.  The special trick with the right brain is that even though it doesn’t know language, it can use the left hand to draw what the word was to indicate to the right side of the brain.

Cutting the corpus callosum really explains the brain into more depth showing how the left side of the brain can show language and giving Joe the ability the desire to explain.  With the right side of the brain, it has the ability to recognize faces.  Joe does not have his epileptic seizures reduced and continues to work in an egg factory, so having his corpus callosum cut does not affect his daily life in the egg factory a negative way.