Author Archives: Jennifer Marie Kunkel-gill

Discovery Day Session Registration Underway

5-8 400Discovery Day 2015

You can still register for sessions including:

Get Walking

Did you know that on average, every minute of walking can extend your life by 1.5 to 2 minutes?

Join Pam Glanert from Health Matters as she discusses the benefits of walking and shares some valuable information on walking shoes and pedometers.    Also learn about the walking program that the campus locations participate in and what the plans are to start one at UP Libraries.

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Roller Derby

What do you know about the fastest-growing sport in America? In this session, you’ll find out how roller derby has evolved, how a roller derby bout works and how to become a derby player or just train like one. Wear something comfortable, because you’ll get an opportunity to work out derby style and “play derby” in a low-contact, no-skates simulated bout. Observers welcome, too! Join Nicole Hendrix in this session.

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Library Storage for Patrons- Carrels vs Lockers

Join Pembroke Childs to discover more about the temporary and long-term storage options in Pattee and Paterno Libraries. Who can help me with this locker? What are my storage space options? When does the locker auto UN-lock? Where are the locations of these helpful tools? Why didn’t I apply for a carrel sooner? All these questions and more will be answered. Included in this session: hands on training with some equipment and a “mini- field trip” to the Central Stacks!

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What is a micro-site and how are they related to the libraries?

The libraries micro-sites are a collaboration between the libraries and another organization, college, or department to create a web presence for that entity. Sites like the People’s Contest, PA Center for the Book, the Alumni library, Hershey, ICIK, and ASEE use the libraries CMS for that presence. Come find out more, meet the web authors, and hear more about their migration to Drupal.

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submitted by Rita Buhite

 

Penn State announces winner of the Lynd Ward Prize for Graphic Novel of the Year

University Park, PA–Penn State’s University Libraries and the Pennsylvania Center for the Book are pleased to announce that “This One Summer ” by Mariko Tamaki (writer) and Jillian Tamaki (artist), published by First Second, an imprint of Roaring Brook Press, has won the 2015 Lynd Ward Prize for Graphic Novel of the Year.

“It’s an honor to have this book recognized and we are thrilled to accept,” said co-creators Mariko Tamaki and Jillian Tamaki. “Mariko Tamaki and Jillian Tamaki are major talents, and it’s wonderful that the power of their work is resonating across the whole literary landscape,” says Mark Siegel, editorial director of First Second.

“This One Summer,” says the jury, “is a beautifully drawn, keenly observed story. It is told with a fluid line and a sensitive eye to the emblematic moments that convey character, time, and place—the surf at night, the sound of flip-flops, a guarded sigh—all at the meandering pace of a summer’s vacation. The Tamakis astutely orchestrate the formal complexities of the graphic novel in the service of an evocative, immersive story. At first blush a coming of age story centered on two young girls, the book belongs equally to all its cast of characters, any of whom feel realized enough to have supported a narrative in their own right. Striking, relatable, and poignant, this graphic novel lingers with readers long after their eyes have left the pages.”

The Lynd Ward Graphic Novel Prize honors Ward’s influence in the development of the graphic novel and celebrates the gift of an extensive collection of Ward’s wood engravings, original book illustrations and other graphic art donated to Penn State’s University Libraries by his daughters Robin Ward Savage and Nanda Weedon Ward. Between 1929 and 1937, Ward published his six groundbreaking wordless novels: “Gods’ Man,” “Madman’s Drum,” “Wild Pilgrimage,” “Prelude to a Million Years,” “Song without Words” and “Vertigo.”

Sponsored by Penn State’s University Libraries and administered by the Pennsylvania Center for the Book, an affiliate of the Center for the Book at the Library of Congress, the Lynd Ward Graphic Novel Prize is presented annually to the best graphic novel, fiction or non-fiction, published in the previous calendar year by a living U.S. or Canadian citizen or resident. Mariko and Jillian Tamaki will share a cash prize of $2,500, and will each receive a two-volume set of Ward’s six novels published by The Library of America and a framed commemorative presented at a ceremony at Penn State University in the fall.

The jury also awarded one honor book: “Here,” by Richard McGuire and published by Pantheon Books, a division of Random House. Of “Here” the jury says, “Making literal the idiom ‘if these walls could talk…’ McGuire’s ‘Here’ curates the long history of events transpiring in one location. Through the subtle transposition of objects and individuals in a room, the book teaches us that space is defined over time. … Evoking our longing for place, the book performs this cumulative effect for the reader, by layering people, experiences, and events in the context of a single environment. …”
The selection jury had representatives from various Penn State academic departments who use the graphic novel in their teaching or research, as well as representatives with graphic novel expertise from among Penn State’s alumni and students.

The selection jury for the 2015 prize included Chair, Brandon Hyde, an undergraduate student majoring in English with a longstanding interest in comics and graphic novels; Joel D. Priddy, an associate professor of Graphic Design; Veronica Hicks, a dual PhD candidate in Art Education and Women’s Studies; Brent Book, pastor at Zion Lutheran Church, Boalsburg, PA, who received his Liberal Arts baccalaureate degree from Penn State, and maintains a strong interest in the art and structure of storytelling through graphic novels; and Jonathan E. Abel, an assistant professor of Comparative Literature and Japanese.

For more information about the selection criteria and how to submit books for consideration for the 2016 Lynd Ward Graphic Novel Prize, contact Ellysa Cahoy at ellysa@psu.edu or 814-865-9696 or visit the Pennsylvania Center for the Book website.

Editor’s contact: Lana Munip, assistant editor, Public Relations and Marketing, Penn State University Libraries. 814-863-4265.

WIMT Update: Your questions answered

Starting this week, the Web Implementation and Management Team (WIMT) will field questions about the team and the website, including questions about how the new site will look, the migration timeline for specific units, training and other topics. This week, the focus is on the site’s goals.

Q. What are the goals of the Libraries’ site?

A. WIMT has gathered information and input from stakeholders and Libraries employees to finalize our website goals. We will use these as guiding principles as we work towards delivering an optimal web experience to our users.

Goal 1: Website

The Libraries website will meet the needs of current and future users – whoever or wherever they may be and on whatever device they use.

Strategies:
•        Site will be organized based on Libraries services rather than institutional organization
•        Site will be user-centered, personalized and interactive
•        Deliver customized content based on user (personalization)
•        Site will be updated incrementally to remain contemporary
•        Site will maintain consistent terminology and branding between virtual and physical spaces.
•        Site will be friendly, warm and welcoming
•        Site will reflect the diversity of the Penn State community and contribute to the Libraries’ environment of respect and inclusion

Goal 2: Content

The content of the Libraries website will be discoverable and current. Content reuse and integration with other content sources will be a guiding principle.

Strategies:
•        Content will be modular and portable (not bound by format)
•        Content will be organized thematically
•        Content will use a consistent voice that is jargon-free and comprehensible to all users
•        Content will be created once and shared and used in multiple places
•        Obsolete information will be weeded on a regular basis

Goal 3: Technology

The content management system will be optimized to meet web and accessibility standards, to integrate with other library systems, to support ease of authoring and to promote creativity and flexibility.

Strategies:
•        System will employ leading edge web technologies and features and will integrate with social networks
•        System will be reliable, lightweight and based on standards and open source principles
•        System will be easily integrated into learning management systems, and will provide direct linking through to Libraries’ resources
•        System will be accessible to users of all abilities

Goal 4: People

The leadership, management, developers and authors for the Libraries Web Presence will be strategic, accessible, agile, creative, collaborative and responsive.

Strategies:
•        Decisions will be informed from usability studies, assessment and metrics and based on user needs
•        Libraries’ personnel will have skills and confidence to contribute to CMS for content optimization
•        Changes in web strategy and direction and author and user functionality will be clearly communicated to all authors, faculty and staff

Goal 5: Discovery

Website, content and technology will be optimized to facilitate ease of discovery, access and use

Strategies:
•        Libraries’ resources will be easy to use, easy to find and easy to access
•        Libraries’ discovery tools will be integrated into the website to promote seamless search, discovery and access throughout the Libraries’ web pages

Next week, we will highlight the migration timeline for different libraries and departments. Currently, WIMT is working on what are called “microsites” (for example, ICIK and the People’s Contest sites). Once these are completed, we will start work on other units. More on this next week! For more information, e-mail UL-WIMT@LISTS.PSU.EDU

To read previous WIMT blog entries, see https://sites.psu.edu/librarynews/category/website-migration-updates/

Tech Tip: Use Styles to Organize and Apply Formatting in Microsoft Word

submitted by Ryan Johnson

A style is just a collection of formatting information that you can apply all at once. Styles are hands-down the most powerful way of keeping your formatting consistent and easy to apply, especially if you can convince other people working on the document to use your styles instead of applying formatting directly.

Word’s Home menu shows a simple style menu where you can choose from the built-in Word styles. To show the real thing, click the Change Styles button to the right of those built-in styles.

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Word offers two types of styles:

  • Paragraph styles. Paragraph styles contain formatting that is applied to an entire paragraph. This includes formatting you might think of as belonging to a paragraph (like tabs, line spacing, borders, and indenting) as well as character formatting (like typeface, font size, and color). Paragraph styles are indicated by a paragraph mark.
  • Character styles. Character styles contain formatting that is applied to selected characters within a paragraph. Character styles can only include character formatting and if you apply a character style to a group of characters that also have a paragraph style applied, the character formatting overrides the paragraph formatting. Character styles are indicated by a stylized letter a.

 

Here’s an example. Let’s say you’ve created a paragraph style that you use for block quotes. It’s indented, single-spaced, and italicized. You have a character style you’ve created for book titles that is bold and not italicized. If you apply that character style to some words within your paragraph, the words will take on the character formatting (bold and not italicized).

You can modify the existing styles to suit your needs, but if you really want better control go ahead and create your own. I like to name mine with “a_” at the beginning so they all show up at the top of the list. As you can see, you have a lot of power when creating styles.

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You can control things like:

  • The style automatically used for the following paragraph. For regular body text, you’ll want to make the next paragraph use the same style. But, when you’re creating something like a heading or caption style, you may want a different style (like a regular body text style) to follow.
  • You can apply all the character formatting you’d expect to a style.
  • Whether the style shows up in the Quick Style list, which is the set of styles shown directly on the Home menu toolbar.
  • Whether the style gets automatically updated when you apply formatting directly to a paragraph using that style. This setting is a little dangerous, since you can change your styles without even realize you’re doing it and it will affect any other paragraph using that style. I usually leave it turned off.
  • Whether the style is saved only for the current document or is saved as part of a template so you can use it with other documents.
  • Paragraph formatting, which is hidden under the Format button at the bottom of the window. Use it to control things like indentation, tab stops, borders, how bulleted and numbered lists are formatted, and so on.

LHR News

submitted by Wendy Stodart

Please join us in welcoming the following new hires:

 

Full-time:

5/11/15    Ellsworth Fessler – Audio-Visual Technician A, Media and Technology Support Services

 

Part-time:

Ben Maclay – Welcome Desk

Brian Kothe – University Archives

Nancy Loker – John M. Lilley Library, Behrend College

LHR News

Part-time:

 Candice Miller – Cataloging and Metadata Services

 

Wishing the following employees well as they leave us:

Darryl Hill    Collection Maintenance

 

submitted by Wendy Stodart

Web Archiving in Libraries and Archives (and at Penn State)

100 Digital Discoveries is pleased to announce its latest blog post, written by Ben Goldman, Digital Records Archivist. Web Archiving in Libraries and Archives (and at Penn State) introduces us to web archiving in honor of Preservation Week. Mores specifically, it talks about Archive-it (and Penn State’s Archive-It partner page), a subscription service that allows institutions like libraries and archives to select and curate their own web archive collections.”

 

submitted by Helene Huet

Discovery Day Session Registration Underway

What is the most difficult or most different reference question that you have answered at the service desk? How about, “I need supporting data for spontaneous human combustion.” Or, “I’m trying to find information for my project on McDonald’s on the political, legal, and governmental forces.” How about, “I am looking for economic reports from the U.S. government around the 1790s.” Join Aaron Procious for Reference Review as he facilitates this group discussion (your discussion) on opaquely framed, subject-skirting, historically ethereal reference questions and how they can be handled effectively.

Have you been wondering what computers are “library computers” and what computers are “ITS computers” and why are they different? Ryan Johnson will tell you in the session called, Staff vs. Lab vs. Visitor Station Computers: What are the differences? Also, in this class you will learn about computer programs that can be accessed and used from any location using different platforms – WebApps.

Register at TechSmart.

Penn State Wilkes-Barre holds Undergraduate Research Day

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On April 29, 2015, Penn State Wilkes-Barre hosted its first Undergraduate Research Day. The event, which was co-sponsored and supported by the Wilkes-Barre campus and the Penn State University Libraries, consisted of 61 posters created by 107 students, highlighting their research this semester. Students, faculty and staff converged in the campus’s historic Hayfield House to share, learn and admire the results of their scholarship.

The event was the brainchild of two Penn State Wilkes-Barre faculty, Renee Rosier (biology) and Timothy Sichler (engineering). Rosier had organized a smaller event in 2014, limited to her own students. Rosier and Sichler mentioned their hopes of growing the event in 2015, while talking to Jennie Knies and Megan Mac Gregor, librarians in the campus’s Nesbitt Library. These four became the official “Planning Committee” for the event.

The committee created a website, which served as a resource guide for participating students, highlighting best practices for poster creation and discussing research techniques. Knies and Mac Gregor taught two heavily-attended workshops in the Nesbitt Library, reinforcing the process and techniques for effective poster creation. Fourteen faculty members on campus encouraged their students to participate in the event, representing every discipline on campus (including biology, math, electrical engineering, English, information technology, rehabilitation and human services, and surveying engineering).

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Thirteen volunteers from among the faculty and staff evaluated the posters based on three criteria: content, display and oral presentation. All of the students who participated in the event were professional, enthusiastic and eager to discuss their projects. In the end, a poster highlighting research centering on improvements to the Wilkes-Barre campus: “Expansion of Penn State Lehman Pond for the Benefit of Students and Wildlife Proposal,” by Stephen Jesso and Vanessa Robbins (faculty advisor: Dr. Christyne Berzsenyi, English), took home the first place award. Three honorable mentions were awarded to: “Campus Thoroughfare,” by Carlos Candelario, Greg Copelli, Bryan Flynn, Mark Rowe and Mike Vadas (faculty advisor: Christyne Berzsenyi, English); “Proposal to Complete/Restore PSU-WB’s Fitness Path,“ by Bryan Whiting (faculty advisor: Dr. Christyne Berzsenyi, English), and “3D Printing of Senior Project satellite,” by Jimmy Cosgrove, Mike Gentile, Danny Leighow and Mike Wright (faculty advisor: Timothy Sichler, engineering). All of these posters, plus additional eight top-scoring submissions will be displayed in the Penn State Wilkes-Barre’s Nesbitt Library through the end of 2015 and on the Undergraduate Research Day website. In addition, students have been encouraged to deposit their posters into Penn State’s ScholarSphere repository service.

Feedback and response to the event has been overwhelmingly positive. Plans are already underway for Undergraduate Research Day 2016. — Jennie Levine Knies, head librarian, Nesbitt Library, Penn State Wilkes-Barre

 

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Penn State Faculty Senate passes open access resolution

University Pa—The Pennsylvania State University Faculty Senate passed an open access resolution at its April 28meeting that could greatly broaden the reach of scholarly work produced at Penn State.

 

The Senate Committee on Libraries, Information Systems and Technology (LIST) proposed the “Resolution on Open Access to Scholarly Publications” to encourage faculty to deposit their scholarly work in ScholarSphere, support the principle of open access to research results, review rights retained by authors in publishing contracts and consider publishing their work in reputable open access journals that make their contents freely available online.

 

“I applaud the Penn State Faculty Senate for passing the Resolution on Open Access because it underscores Penn State’s commitment to actively disseminating critically important scholarship globally. The resolution represents a major milestone for visibility and access to Penn State research and scholarship moving forward,” said Barbara Dewey, dean of University Libraries and Scholarly Communications.

 

Scholarsphere is a repository service launched in 2012 by the University Libraries and Information Technology Services. Students, faculty and staff at Penn State can use the service to collect their work in one location and create a durable and citable record of their scholarly materials. These materials can be discovered and accessed online.

 

Publishing and Curation Services, a unit of the University Libraries, offers scholarly journal publishing for University departments, societies and student groups. Using Open Journal Systems software, the Libraries are able to host online scholarly journals. In addition, this unit provides guidance to publishing scholars and editors at Penn State and advises faculty and researchers on author rights, copyright, fair use and publishing contracts.

 

The passing of the resolution follows an earlier vote by University Libraries faculty to embrace open access principles when publishing their scholarly articles. Under the Open Access Policy, passed into legislation at the February Library Faculty Organization meeting, each University Libraries faculty member grants to Penn State permission to make available his or her scholarly articles. The policy preserves the right of library faculty to publish where they wish, but also encourages authors to take advantage of open access opportunities whenever feasible.

 

“I think the Open Access resolution was something long overdue because of the importance of helping to provide more scholarly works on a global scale, and I am happy to see Penn State join the list of universities working in this positive direction,” said Galen Grimes, associate professor of Information Sciences and Technology, Penn State Greater Allegheny, and LIST committee chair.

 

The first vote in favor of open access within a university faculty in the United States took place in the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences in 2008. Other faculty organizations, both nationally and internationally, have followed suit, endorsing institution-wide as well as department or college-wide initiatives. Institutions where the entire faculty body has voted in support of open access include the University of California, Cornell, Princeton, Duke, and the University of Kansas.

 

For more information on open access at Penn State, visit the University Libraries Publishing and Curation Services website or e-mail ul-pcs@lists.psu.edu.

Art professor’s journals chronicling four decades of journeys featured in new exhibit

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Visual journals chronicling Penn State art education professor Brent Wilson’s four decades of journeys across North America, Europe, Egypt, Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Korea and Brazil will be on display from May 15 to September 13, in the Eberly Family Special Collections Library, 104 Paterno Library. “Brent Wilson: Journals and Journeys Too” will feature art journals from the Wilson archival collection, housed within the Penn State Special Collections Library.

 

The 90 art journals contain a wealth of visual and written records documenting Wilson’s travels from the 1980s through 2013, where he taught, conducted research and lectured in many countries and in the United States. They chronicle his visual and verbal responses to national and international professional conferences, his eight years as head evaluator for the Getty’s discipline-based art education regional professional development institutes and his time spent in Washington preparing “Toward Civilization,” a report to the president and congress on the status of arts education, in 1988. In addition, the journals highlight the struggles involved in developing an art structure for the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards.

 

The journals reveal the outlines for books, book chapters, journal articles, diagrams and rudimentary theories. There are plans for thousands of paintings and sculptures and draft pages for artist books. They contain hundreds of pages of playful collaborative drawings made with children—graphic conversations that Wilson describes as “third-site pedagogy.”

 

“My journals are filled with schizophrenic, unrestrained images surrounded by mostly pedestrian prose and a few poems—they show my attempts to make a profession and a life more interesting than they would otherwise be,” says Wilson. He says that while it is difficult to pinpoint the time he first became a journal keeper, he began writing little notes in his sketchbooks and began drawing pictures in his datebooks as early as 1979. Over time, he became fascinated by what sketches and sentences could say to one another, and their dialogues became a daily preoccupation.

 

Wilson taught in Penn State’s art education program from 1974 until 2004. During his tenure he pioneered the study of children’s image making in natural settings and developed a paradigm-changing theory relating to how children learn to draw by borrowing images from popular culture. Among his research interests were the study of language used to describe and judge works of art, the assessment of art educational outcomes, the extra-structural dimensions of art teaching and the nature of child art.

 

Wilson was the principal art consultant to the National Assessment of Educational Progress in Art from 1967 to 1982. He drafted the National Endowment for the Arts “Toward Civilization: A Report on Arts Education” and worked as an evaluator for the Getty Trust between 1982 and 1996. He is the recipient of the National Art Education’s Manuel Barkan Award and the Distinguished Achievement Award by the Educational Press Association (both shared with Marjorie Wilson). He received the Edwin Ziegfeld Award given by the International Society for Education in the Arts and has been invited to give Studies in Art Education and Lowenfeld Lectures in recognition of his research. In 1988, he was made a Distinguished Fellow of the National Art Education Association and in 1989 was named the organization’s Art Educator of the Year.

 

Three special events will be held in conjunction with the exhibition:

  • The Brent Wilson Gallery Talk, on Friday, June 5, at 3:00 p.m., in the Special Collections Library;
  • An online Digital Journal Website demonstration, on Thursday, July 9, at 2:00 p.m., in Foster Auditorium, 102 Paterno Library and
  • The Art Education Graduate Student Colloquium, on Wednesday, September 2, at 7:00 p.m., in the Special Collections Library.

 

For more information about the exhibit, the Wilson archival collection and access to digital journal images, contact University Archivist Jackie R. Esposito, 814-863-3791 or mailto:jxe2@psu.edu.

Tech Tip: Note to Self

Type “Note to Self” into Google to Send Notes to your Android Phone

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Recently Google announced a feature that allows you to send directions to your Android phone directly from a search box. What they didn’t announce is that you can also use “note to self” to send a reminder directly to your notification shade.

To send a text note to your phone, follow these steps:

  1. Open up Google.com on your computer and type “note to self” plus the text you want to send into the search box.
  2. Press Enter.
  3. Edit your note (if necessary) and choose a device from the drop down list.
  4. Click “Send note to your phone.”
  5. Open your phone and your note should be in your notification shade.

This feature requires the latest version of the Google app, Google Now notifications enabled, Web & App Activity enabled, and you must be logged into your Google account.

submitted by Ryan Johnson

Library News: April 27

Join the soon-to-be charged Research Data Group in the Libraries!

LHR News

April Events

Greg Crawford Transitioning to New Role 

Don’t Fall for Penn State Password Scams

MISSING, LOST, WITHDRAWN and ZREMOVED

Green Tips

IT Strategies Minutes

It’s not like anyone is going to see my feet…

West Virginia University dean of Libraries visits Penn State

New database offers wealth of financial data related to energy industry

EMS Library well represented at 2015 water Symposium

Collection on Sharon “Peachie” Wiggins donated to Penn State

Common Core and Copyright workshop planned for librarians

2015 MediaTech Expo to be held on May 11

Research travel grant award winners announced

Students win awards for sustainability research

2015 University Libraries awards recipients

 

Greg Crawford Transitioning to New Role

After almost 22 years with the University Libraries, including 10 years as Director of the Library at Penn State Harrisburg, Greg Crawford will be leaving the Libraries to assume a new role at Penn State Harrisburg. As of July 1, 2015 Greg will become the the Interim Director of the School of Humanities.   Under Greg’s leadership the library at Penn State Harrisburg has flourished and been at the forefront of advances in both technology and public services. Please join me in congratulating Greg on his new position and wishing him well.

– Christine Avery

Don’t fall for Penn State Password Scams

Penn State will never ask you for your Access ID password by email.   Many times you will receive fake emails that appear to come from the ITS helpdesk.  Many of these can be easily discounted because the return address is phony or verbage in the email is obviously fake and can be ignored.  But sometimes the email scam can look fairly legitimate.

Every year you are required to change your Access ID password, you will start receiving emails that look like this:

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Whether you forget your password or your password will expire soon or has expired (like mine has above) the only website you need to know is:

https://www.work.psu.edu/password

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You will then click on the appropriate link and change your password as necessary.

MISSING, LOST, WITHDRAWN and ZREMOVED

by Ann Snowman

Last fall we implemented the new procedure for eliminating long overdue and long missing books from University Libraries’ catalog.  The previous summer was spent searching one last time for MISSING items, then any item not found and reclaimed through a simple discharge was marked WITHDRAWN, the same status that is applied to weeded materials.

In October 2014 all of the records for anything marked withdrawn before October 2013 were moved to the library policy ZREMOVED.  This is a shadowed status only visible to operators in Workflows, the staff interface to the catalog.  Items consigned to the ZREMOVED library will remain there for reference perpetually.
ZREMOVED now has a collection representing 445,397 copies of former holdings.  Any item appearing in ZREMOVED represents something we once owned but is now gone, either through purposeful deselection as in the case of the Elsevier volumes, or because it cannot be accounted for (MISSING), or it was loaned  but never returned (LOST).
A search of Director’s Station reveals that 81% of the ZREMOVED copies were published between 1950-1999.  Item Type BOOK represents the highest number of copies in ZREMOVED. The most plentiful copies in a call number range appear in the H (Social Sciences) classification.
As a result of implementing this procedure we ensure that a diligent search for missing items is conducted; and items no longer available to our users do not appear in the catalog, saving time and frustration; at the same time we retain an historical record of their disposal.
This process is part of an emerging comprehensive collection management program that will ensure that our tangible collections are accounted for and reliably represented in the CAT.  Deduplication of low use monographs will follow and these processes will be repeated each year.