2.2.1 Nine Square Grid.  For this exercise, I learned to create an objects form and volume by creating 3-dimensional shapes in Adobe Illustrator and Autodesk 360. Analogous means “structures performing a similar function but having a different evolutionary origin” (Google dictionary).

Cromar, William. “LineToPlaneLogoEtch.” NewMediaWiki [Licensed for Non-Commercial Use Only] / LineToPlaneLogoEtch, 2020, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/w/page/134851686/lineToPlaneLogoEtch.

Cromar, William. “LineToPlaneNineSquareGrid.” NewMediaWiki [Licensed for Non-Commercial Use Only] / LineToPlaneNineSquareGrid, 2020, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/w/page/134851311/lineToPlaneNineSquareGrid.

Cromar, William. “LineToPlaneSculptAndSlice.” NewMediaWiki [Licensed for Non-Commercial Use Only] / LineToPlaneSculptAndSlice, 2020, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/w/page/134851341/lineToPlaneSculptAndSlice.

The basis of Chapter 5, Visual Elements II: Volume, is how mass-void objects are created using enough planes together.  Volume is a plane with depth.  A plane can be folded, twisted, bent, and closed to become a volume.  Volumes can define Mass, a body occupying space, or Void, space defined by adjacent masses or planes.  Volumes can contain coordinate systems referred to as UVW coordinates, known as the local system.  The UVW coordinates are compared to the XYZ coordinates in the Cartesian system.  A Mass is the quality of presence.  A Void is the absence of presence.  Both Mass and Void do not equal one another, even if they are equal in size.  Relief and Freestanding sculptures.  Relief artwork is sculpture that you look at face front and has a solid background whose work is done with the same element as the background.  Relief artwork has three classifications, Sunken Relief, Bas Relief, Bas is French for ‘low’, and High Relief.  Sunken Relief work is sculpture where the artist carves and incises into the stone or element.  A unique characteristic of Sunken Relief sculpture is the way light hits the surface a certain way and creates shadows.  Bas Relief artwork is depicted as flat carvings into a surface that contain shallow depths within the sculpture.  High Relief sculpture is known for its detailed components that extend high and protrusive from the base element.  Freestanding sculpture is intended for the viewer to observe the artwork from all sides, 360 degrees around.  Installation 3D artwork:  Installation 3D artwork is very unique and interesting.  It increases the void and openness, and the object wraps itself around the audience.

The concept of Chapter 8, Visual Principles, is to decipher Economy and Pattern visual principles.  Economy specifies leaving an element out of your artwork and having the piece still work.  Pattern is when a rhythm or progression of objects occurs creating a pattern or repetition.

The purpose of Chapter 13, Metaphors to Drawing, is to bring in the history of artwork and how the artwork is projected onto a surface.  Two major concepts of projection are parallel (orthography) and centric (perspective) projection.  Something I found interesting was Leon Battista Alberti’s perspective window.  It added a grid to a picture plane and allowed visual information to paper.  Orthographic projection is representing three-dimensional objects.

Hidden Geometry.  A datum is a point of reference and basis for measure.  Usually, an orthographic projection consists of three two-dimensional drawings, a top view, side view, and front view.

Cromar, William. “CHAPTER 5 – Visual Elements II: Volume.” ParallelUniverses   [Licensed for Non-Commercial Use Only] / CHAPTER 5 – Visual Elements II:     Volume, 2020, newmediaabington.pbworks.com/w/page/67298603/CHAPTER%205%20%E2%80%94%20Visual%20Elements%20II%3A%20Volume.

Cromar, William. “CHAPTER 8 – Visual Principles.” ParallelUniverses [Licensed for Non-Commercial Use Only] / CHAPTER 8 – Visual Principles, 2020, newmediaabington.pbworks.com/w/page/67298657/CHAPTER%208%20%E2%80%94%20Visual%20Principles.

Cromar, William. “CHAPTER 13 – Metaphors to Drawing.” ParallelUniverses [Licensed    for Non-Commercial Use Only] / CHAPTER 13 – Metaphors to Drawing, 2020,             newmediaabington.pbworks.com/w/page/67304576/CHAPTER%2013%20%E2%           80%94%20Metaphors%20to%20Drawing.

Cromar, William. “LineToPlaneHiddenGeometry.” NewMediaWiki [Licensed for Non-Commercial Use Only] / LineToPlaneHiddenGeometry, 2020, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/w/page/127199453/lineToPlaneHiddenGeometry.

1.2.1 Dynamic Composition.  The piece of art, The Poet, by German Expressionist Egon Schiele, is a static work of art that has a motionless feel, yet the face and hands look anxious and about to move in some way.  The upward thrusting energy of the composition signifies movement is about to ensue.  The squared format of the image portrays the figure is hunched over and covering what it is wearisome of in the background.  It doesn’t surprise me the image is horizontal and not vertical because I believe the artist wants to cover what the figure is feeling apprehensive of in the background.  The abstract image, using a group of rectangles, expresses the figure is stationary and motionless.

1.2.2 Gestalt Praxis.  Symmetrical images are balanced.  Drawing a straight line vertically down the middle of the image separates the two parts into equal shapes.  Asymmetrical images can either be balanced or imbalanced.  To acquire a calm feeling, images use a symmetrical composition, whereas making the audience feel uneasy, you would use an asymmetrical composition.  The shaded figure is the positive space, and the background is the negative space.  Holding down the Alt key, for windows, on the keyboard enables the image to be copied into a replica circle and dragged to another square.

1.2.3 Line Art.  In this exercise, I learned how to draw Line Art and Bezier curves with the Pen Tool and Anchor Point Tool in Adobe Illustrator.  The primary purpose of this exercise was to grasp an understanding of Line Art composition.  Line Art consists of lines of various widths and sizes on a background.  Styles of lines include thick, thin, horizontal, vertical, diagonal, and curved.  Furthermore, the exercise taught me how to use Anchor Points to create curves from the Pen Tool.  The lines and background can be any color, however, black lines on a white background are traditional.

Works Cited

Cromar, William. Pointtolinedynamic. 2020, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/w/page/126787724/pointToLineDynamic.

Cromar, William. Pointtolinegestaltpraxis. 2020, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/w/page/126787835/pointToLineGestaltPraxis.

Cromar, William. “PointToLineLineArt.” NewMediaWiki [Licensed for Non-Commercial Use Only] / PointToLineLineArt, 2021, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/w/page/134851131/pointToLineLineArt#Saveandshare.

“National Gallery of Art.” Line, www.nga.gov/education/teachers/lessons-activities/elements-of-art/line.html.

The primary purpose of Chapter 4, Dimensional Visual Elements I, is to define a point, a line, and a plane.  Chapter 4 also goes over the elements that effect Dimensional or Optical properties of an object.  Dimensional or optical properties of an object include point, line, plane, volume, and kinematics.  Something I learned from Chapter 4 is a line is an infinite series of points and when it reaches a certain thickness it becomes a plane.  Kandinsky relates a horizontal line to a cool and passive tone, a vertical line to a warm and active tone, and a box of lines to a neutral tone.  This is what Kandinsky refers to as effective “tonality”.  External resources linked in the wiki are Klee, Paul.  Pedagogical Sketchbook. Praeger. 7th ed. 1972. pp. 16-17.  Kandinsky, Wassily (trans. Rebay, Hilla). Point and Line to Plane. Dover Editions. 1979. p. 115. Lupton, Ellen and Phillips, Jennifer Cole. Graphic Design: The New Basics. Princeton Architectural Press. 2008. p. 14., p. 16., and p. 18.

The primary purpose of Chapter 8, Visual Principles, is to divide patterns, known as principles, into two classifications, 1. Unity Contrast Hierarchy Economy and 2. Balance Pattern Direction Scale.  Something interesting I learned throughout this chapter is that Mathematics plays a significant role in 3D artwork, sculpture, and architecture.  For example, proportion can be displayed as a ratio.  All squares have a 1:1 relationship.

The purpose of Gestalt’s theory is to break down the way we perceive things into four principles and also create grouping into eight laws to explain how we view illusions.  The four principles of perception are emergence, reification, multi-stability, and invariance. The eight laws of grouping are proximity, similarity, closure, symmetry, continuity, common fate, figure and ground, and Prägnanz.  Something I learned from this article is that the human eye perceives shapes that might not be emphasized or constructed with objects.  For example, the reification principle of perception describes how we can see things in art that aren’t given.

Cromar, William. “CHAPTER 4 – Visual Elements I: Point, Line, Plane.” ParallelUniverses [Licensed for Non-Commercial Use Only] / CHAPTER 4 – Visual Elements I: Point, Line, Plane, 2020, newmediaabington.pbworks.com/w/page/67293527/CHAPTER%204%20%E2%80%94%20Visual%20Elements%20I%3A%20Point%2C%20Line%2C%20Plane.

Cromar, William. “CHAPTER 8 – Visual Principles.” ParallelUniverses [Licensed for Non-Commercial Use Only] / CHAPTER 8 – Visual Principles, 2020, newmediaabington.pbworks.com/w/page/67298657/CHAPTER%208%20%E2%80%94%20Visual%20Principles.

Cromar, William. “PointToLineGestaltTheory.” NewMediaWiki [Licensed for Non-Commercial Use Only] / PointToLineGestaltTheory, 2020, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/w/page/126784382/pointToLineGestaltTheory.