Today, I will be analyzing the play, The Elephant Man, by Bernard Pomerance. The play tells the story of John Merrick, who was born with a congenital disorder that allows him to earn his living as the “elephant man” in a freak show. Dr. Treves wants to study Merrick’s disorder and invites him to live at the London Hospital. Initially seen as only a freak, Merrick’s humanity becomes more and more apparent as he meets more people. Eventually Merrick’s condition causes his death and the readers see his impact on the world he touched.

Bernard Pomerance

Bernard Pomerance was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1940. He studied at the University of Chicago and moved to London in 1968. His first play, High in Vietnam, Hot Damn was performed first in 1972. The Elephant Man was produced originally in 1977. It won the Tony Award for Best Play. The play was produced into a film in 1980.

The Elephant Man was based on the life of a real man, Joseph Merrick, who was born on August 5, 1862 in England. It is now known that he suffered from Neurofibromatosis type I and Proteus syndrome. He was born with no outward symptoms of any disorder for the first few years of his life. At age 5 he began to start showing symptoms with thick, lumpy skin, similar to an elephant. He then began developing swellings and lumps all over his skin. His family explained his symptoms as a result of his mother being knocked over by a circus elephant while pregnant with Merrick. This is where the name elephant man originates. He tried several jobs, but his condition left him too deformed and disabled, so he chose to be in a freak show, which were very popular in England at the time.

The Elephant Man tells the story of John Merrick, the elephant man. Treves, a surgeon, stumbles upon a freak-show and becomes intrigued with Merrick’s condition. Merrick’s manager, Ross, agrees to allow Treves to study Merrick. Merrick goes from one freak show to another of sorts, when Treves makes Merrick stand on display while he describes Merrick’s condition to the audience. Pomerance highlights the acceptable and not-acceptable dehumanization of Merrick.

As the play continues, Merrick meets more and more people. While most are initially horrified at his external appearance, everyone he meets becomes intrigued and taken by him. Merrick externally appears more animalistic than human compared to his visitors, but it seems that Merrick is more human than them. Merrick changes the lives of everyone he meets. Here, Pomerance explores what defines humanity.

Eventually, Dr. Treves admits that Merrick is dying and nothing he can do can save him. Merrick goes to sleep sitting up, a posture that he must use to keep the weight of his head from suffocating him. In a dream-like state, Merrick is laid down to sleep normally and he dies. In the end, the elephant man died like a ‘normal’ man. His human masculinity triumphed in the end.

The final scene of the play depicts Treves writing Merrick’s obituary. He initially includes the aspects of Merrick’s humanity he only learned after getting to known him. He changes it last minute saying that it’s too late, describing Merrick only as the elephant man instead of the human man. In the end Merrick was known for his animalism instead of his humanity.

Bradley Cooper and my English teacher, following the Broadway production.

I was lucky enough to read this play and then see the movie and the play. This allowed me to see the translation from words to the screen or stage. It was particularly interesting to see the differences in interpretation, from me, to the director of the movie, to the director of the play because we all read the same play.

Bradley Cooper, who played Merrick on Broadway last year, came to my English class to lead class on the discussion of the play. He graduated from my high school and still remains close with my English teacher so my English teacher surprised us one day. I was able to get the perspective of someone, who has studied this play for many years and also see the behind the scenes work of the translation from play to stage. We primarily discussed the transition of Merrick from being viewed as a freak and being viewed as a human. Merrick is viewed as a freak when the only picture you get is the image of a disfigured, thing, that barely even looks human. Merrick doesn’t talk more than a grunt well into the play, but once he does speak, he is human and more than that he is an intelligent human being. Once the characters and the reader get to known Merrick past his disfigurement, he becomes human in our eyes. But he always was, we just hadn’t taken the time to realize.

“I thought, if there was no future, how would we behave?” P.D. James

This week I will be discussing the novel The Children of Men by P.D. James. The novel tells the story of a dystopian world where no children have been born for twenty-five years. James questions what would happen in a world with no future for humanity. This book has interesting real world relevance today and gives and insight to the true nature of humanity. I would recommend it.

P.D. James was born in Oxford, England on August 3, 1920. Her father was a tax inspector. She went to Cambridge High School for Girls until age 16, when she had to drop out to support her family and because her family didn’t believe in higher education for girls. She was married in 1941 and had two daughters. Her husband returned from World War II and suffered mental illness because of it. Because her husband was in a psychiatric institution, James studied hospital administration and worked for a hospital board in London. She began writing in the mid-1950s and her first novel, Cover Her Face, was published in 1962. James is known for her detective mystery novels. She diverted from this theme with The Children of Men, published in 1992. That book was adapted for film in 2006, directed by Alfonso Cuaron, although it differed greatly from the novel. James died on November 27, 2014 at the age of 94.

In 2021, the world is slowly ending. The men have become infertile and no babies have been born since 1995. The world has become bleak, where providing for posterity has ceased to give life its point and the goal instead is short-term comfort and entertainment. England is ruled by a dictatorial Warden and supervised by the State Security Police. The last-born children are called Omegas, beautiful and talented but cruel and powerful. James brings up the notion that if you treat children from infancy as gods, they will act as devils in adulthood.

The novel focuses on Theo Faron, a 50-year-old Oxford history professor. He no longer has any children of his own, he ran over his daughter in a tragic accident years ago and his wife never forgave him. He is cousin to Xan, the Warden of England and used to be a close adviser to the Warden until he left because he couldn’t handle the abuse of power.

Here, James explores how certain kinds of tyrants come to exist. The social disorder and pessimism have allowed Xan to seize control. The shame of the Parliament gives illusion of democracy and the members of the ruling Council never disagree with Xan. This type of ruling is presented to the public and accepted as strong and desirable response to threats to the country. The countries of the world are more defensive than ever to keep their country running smoothly for as long as possible, even if that involves causing the ruin of other countries. This spikes anti-immigration sentiment, which is eerily similar to today. The Warden focuses on England at the expense of everyone else. The government justifies abuse in the name of a smoothly run society. It supports and encourages forced labor of immigrants and encourages the mass suicides of the old. When Theo questions Xan’s tyranny, Xan responds that at first he did it because he thought he’d enjoy it and eventually no one else was competent to take over. After Theo calls Xan out for his cruel rule, he responds, “Have you ever known anyone to give up power?” Here James raises an interesting notion on the idea of power, especially in government. Xan justifies his complete power on the basis that no one really cares anymore. No one votes because it doesn’t matter. Absolute power is the only answer here because democracy can’t function if its people don’t pay attention and care. James also questions how tyrants come to be. They do not come to exist overnight. By the time people realize that the dictatorship is a problem, Xan has too much power to be stopped.

Theo wanders through life without purpose until he is approached one day by a young woman, who asks him to meet with her group called the Five Fishes. The group aims to erase human rights abuses and restore democratic government. Intrigued by this young woman Theo reluctantly agrees to help. Theo falls in love with Julian, marking his first real human feeling in years. The readers later learn that the woman, Julian, is pregnant. Julian wants to keep her baby away from the government, who she believes will only use the child for their own power, but the government has a clear interest in the first baby in 25 years. This begins the action of the novel with the Five Fishes plus Theo on the run from Xan. With clear allusion to the Bible and the Virgin Mary, Julian’s baby represents redemption and a real future.
James distills the problems in life down to the simple. Value the small miracles of life.

This book was also turned into a film in 2006.

I highly recommend this book especially with its clear parallels to today’s society.

This week I am reviewing the novel Room by Emma Donoghue. The book tells the story of a young boy and his mother imprisoned in a single room. Absolutely heartbreaking and gut-wrenching, this book stays with you long after you put it down.
 Emma Donoghue was born in Dublin, Ireland in 1969. She is the youngest of eight children and her father was an academic and literary critic. She graduated from University College Dublin with a Bachelor of Arts degree and earned a PhD in English from Girton College, Cambridge.
Her first novel, Stir Fry, was published in 1994. Room was published in August 2010. New York Times named it one of their six best fiction books in 2010. It was awarded the Rogers Writers’ Trust Fiction Prize and the Irish Book Award. Emma Donoghue wrote the screenplay for the book’s transformation into a film. Here’s the link for the film trailer. She was nominated for an Academy Award for her work. She now lives in London, Ontario with her life partner, Christine Roulston and their two children.

Jack was born and raised in a twelve-by-twelve room with his mother, Ma. He has never known any different, the room is his home, his whole world. There is a bed, a rug, a wardrobe, a TV, and a plant. In one corner there is a microwave, refrigerator, oven, and a table. This is his sole landscape of his childhood. Because he never knew any different, Jack is a happy kid, who accepts his life as it is. They exercise by walking in circles around the room or jumping on the bed. They sing, read, and play games. Jack’s mom was kidnapped from a parking lot when she was nineteen. Her kidnapper, whom Jack and her refer to as Old Nick, locked her in a shed in his backyard. She eventually became pregnant with Jack and raised him in the shed. When he was born, she made the decision not to explain the situation to him. He believes the whole world is in the room and that the world he sees on TV, is the same as outer space.

Writing in Jack’s voice is the decision that defines the novel. Jack describes only what he sees and hears, like a child would. His childhood innocence in the face of absolute depravity emphasizes the despair of the situation. Donoghue brilliantly captures the language or a child, the observations, the weird little obsession, and tantrums. When Old Nick comes each night, Jack hides himself in the wardrobe and counts the creaks of the bed, “till he makes that gaspy sound and stops.” Donoghue allows the readers to make the leap between Jack’s innocent observations and the harshness of reality in the room. Kidnap, confinement, and rape are told from the point of view of a five-year old, who’s having a great time. This limited perspective sets up a contradiction, for Ma Room is a place of terror, but for Jack, it’s the only home he knows.

Right after Jack’s 5^th birthday, Old Nick loses his job. Ma, worried that he will abandon them to starve in Room, plans an escape. Before this can happen she must tell Jack the truth about the world outside. This completely uproots Jack’s life by tossing out all that he previously thought of as fact. In the span of a few days, Ma tries to teach Jack everything about the outside world, serving as a sped-up representation of growing up. In a surprisingly problem-free escape, Jack and Ma leave Room for the first time and enter or re-enter the real world. Instead of ending the book after the great escape, Donoghue displays the true horror of the experience, by questioning ‘what happens next?’ directly.

After their escape, Ma and Jack begin their assimilation into the real world. Their escape and captivity is headline news, their upcoming court case elicits media frenzy; they have become celebrities of sorts. Here, Ma and Jack have their first separation, sleeping in different rooms, not spending every second of every day together. This comes as a betrayal to Jack. The mother-child bond is exaggerated here, and Jack does not want to leave the nursery. This serves as an exaggerated representation of motherhood, when the mother and the child have to leave the bubble they created for themselves and enter the real world. For Jack, Room represented safety, while Outside is where life is truly terrifying, where people are strangers, where he can’t be with Ma 24/7, and where bees actually sting.

In the post-escape part of the novel, Donoghue introduces a satirical element. All Jack knows is Room; he’s an alien taking his first steps onto the real planet. Jack makes comments on the way the world works from the point of view of someone, who has never experienced it. He never wanted to go outside and make friends and play on a playground, and now he’s being practically forced, to be grateful for the freedom he was molded to live without.

In the end, we see Jack finally adjusting to Outside, becoming an individual. But when we leave Ma, Donoghue leaves the readers with the uncomfortable sense that she will merely be moving from prison to prison for the rest of her life.

Room is one of those books that stays in your head long after you’ve finished reading it. Each time I read it or examine it, I always find something new that changes my perception on what Donoghue means and to me that’s what makes a special book.