Alexis Hayes someone

Professor Wede

November 19 2021

Blog 3

Some things that happened to me and other people are speech disorders. It can cause an effect on how a person speaks words. (What Are Speech Disorders.) It is from damage done to the brain in the Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area. (Studying Language, Penn State.) Broca’s part is responsible for speech production and Wernicke’s is responsible for speech understanding. ) (Studying Language, Penn State.) If they are damaged, it can cause a person to misunderstand speech and trouble talking to else.

Speech disorders can cause damage also to vocal cord damage, brain damage, muscle weakness, and strokes. (What causes speech disorders.) The signs of speech disorder are, repeating sounds, adding extra words, and blinking a lot. It makes sense why I and others have a hard time with speaking. There is something called phonemes and morphemes in language. There are over 100s of them and can be hard to pronounce.

Also, there can be several ways to pronounce a sentence with similar meanings. It makes me and others have a more complex understanding of it because we have to make sure it is grammatically correct. It can also be difficult to pronounce a sentence the right way with a speech disorder. There are different types of speech disorders such as stuttering, apraxia, and dysarthria. (What Are Speech Disorders.) I have a stuttering speech disorder so when I talk to someone I repeat sounds and have a hard time pronouncing words, and I also blink a lot.

Apraxia makes a person not be able to pronounce what they want to say or they have a difficult time expressing themselves. Apraxia, what is speech disorder. ) Dysarthria makes a person’s muscles hurt when they talk and they also have slurred speech. (Articulation disorder, what is speech disorder.) “In conversations, there are 4 types of conversational maxims according to Griffin.” (Conversations, Penn State.) They are quantitative criteria, which makes it informative, but not excessive. (Conversations, Penn State.) The second maxim of quality is saying what is true. (Conversations, Penn State.)

Third maxims of relation to be clear in speech. (Conversations, Penn State.) The last one is a maxim of manner to be straight to the point. I think myself and others included can struggle with the maxim of relation and maximum of manner because we know what we want to say but have a difficult time expressing it. The way to heal from a speech disorder is by going speech therapist to help become familiar with sounds and different wording. Also, a person can take medication or do physical exercises to strengthen the muscles to produce sounds properly.

Work Cited:

Kahn, A. (2019, September 20). Speech disorders: Causes, signs, and diagnosis. Healthline. Retrieved November 20, 2021, from https://www.healthline.com/health/speech-disorders.

MediLexicon International. (n.d.). Speech disorders: Types, symptoms, causes, and treatment. Medical News Today. Retrieved November 20, 2021, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324764.

Alexis Hayes

Professor Wede

October 13, 2021

Psychology Class

Blog 2 Discussion

Something that I struggle with is long-term memory loss. Long-term memory loss is how your brain keeps information stored. (Long Term Memory Loss, What You Need To Know.) We use our long-term memory to know what is going on around us. (Penn State, Chapter 7.) What can prevent from restoring new long-term memories is damage to the hippocampus. (Areas of The Brain, Penn State) Another area of the brain that is impacted is the medial temporal lobe which has to do with long-term memory. There are signs if someone has long-term memory loss. They repeat the same questions, misplacing items often, have personality changes, and cannot keep up with everyday tasks. (15 signs that your memory may be severe.) It can also be forgetting important dates and forgetting a person’s name. (Long Term Memory Loss.)

The hippocampus is connected to the temporal lobe and is responsible for making long-term emotional memories. If the brain damage is severe, it can make them forget old memories. (Temporal Lobe Damage.) The hippocampus can shrink about to 20% according to some researchers. (What happens if the hippocampus is affected by illness or injury.) There are different health issues that cause long-term memory loss such as depression, PTSD, drug/alcohol use, brain tumors, and a stroke. (What causes long-term memory loss.)

Some memory loss health issues are dementia, Alzheimer’s, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia is long-term and short-term memory loss and gets worse over time and affects some elderly. (Is It Dementia?) Alzheimer’s affects the elderly and impairs language, memory, and judgment. (Alzheimer’s disease.) Frontotemporal dementia affects some younger people and causes personality changes and memory loss. It is important for people to not diagnose themselves online and to go to the doctor and get diagnosed that if something is going on with them.

Some of the treatments for long-term memory are medications, surgery, exercise, a healthy sleep schedule that can prevent memory loss. (Treatment For Long-Term Memory Loss.) I struggle with long-term memory loss because I forget where I place my items, I forget a person’s name and I ask the same questions repeatedly. The hippocampus and medial temporal lobe are affected if a person long term memory is damaged. Recovery is possible if a person is going through this by exercising, having a healthy sleep schedule, and medication. In conclusion, it is important for people to exercise their brain and take care of their brain by sleeping normally and eating healthy and this fact can prevent brain damage.

Work Cited Page

Admin, E. R. U. K. (2017, June 7). The hippocampus: What is it?: Epilepsy research UK. Epilepsy Research UK iCal. Retrieved October 14, 2021, from https://epilepsyresearch.org.uk/the-hippocampus-what-is-it/.

Hersh, E. (2018, November 27). Long-term memory loss: Causes, symptoms, treatment, and more. Healthline. Retrieved October 14, 2021, from https://www.healthline.com/health/long-term-memory-loss.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Memory, forgetfulness, and aging: What’s normal and what’s not? National Institute on Aging. Retrieved October 14, 2021, from https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/memory-forgetfulness-and-aging-whats-normal-and-whats-not.

Alban, P. (n.d.). Why your memory is bad and what to do about it. Be Brain Fit. Retrieved October 14, 2021, from https://bebrainfit.com/bad-memory/.

Alexis Hayes

Professor Josh Wede

Psych 256

7 September 2021

PTSD Emotional trauma and how it affects the brain

Post-traumatic stress disorder is when you go through a traumatic event such as sexual abuse, natural disasters, or a serious accident and have been threatened with sexual violence death, or serious injury. (What is Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, American Psychiatric Association.) Anyone can develop into Ptsd from the negative events that happen to them. PTSD affects 3.5% of people in us each year and can affect 1 in 11 people during their lives. (What is post-traumatic stress disorder, American Psychiatric Association.) People with PTSD go through a range of emotions such as happiness, sad and fear and go through flashbacks and have dreams about their traumatic experience. (What is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, American Psychiatric Association.) People can experience symptoms such as intrusive thoughts, avoiding people, having disorder thoughts, and feeling more negative emotions, and having more angry outbursts. (What is Post Traumatic Stress disorder, American Psychiatric Association.) The brain can is affected by post-traumatic stress disorder.

The parts of the brain PTSD changes are the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. (Can Emotional Trauma cause brain damage.) This ties into what I learned so far in my psych course for how the brain is before and after PTSD. The hippocampus is for recalling memories. (Cerebral cortex, Localization to Function.) The amygdala is for storing emotional memories and the fight or flight reaction when threats appear. (Cerebral cortex, Localization to function.) The prefrontal cortex is responsible for making decisions and using proper judgment. (Cerebral cortex, Localization to function.) This response is how the brain is before PTSD but these parts of the brain become different when PTSD happens to a person.

Starting from the first part of the brain, about how Ptsd affects the amygdala it is it becomes hyperactive to threats and thinks there is danger when there is none. (Emotional trauma and the amygdala.) They feel more fear because of this and get angry more often and have affected sleep. (Emotional trauma and the amygdala.) The hippocampus makes the person with PTSD feel that they are living their trauma all over again in the present moment. (Emotional trauma and the Hippocampus.) A person cannot tell the difference from the past from the present because of the hippocampus is affected. (Emotional Trauma and the Hippocampus.) This issue can cause a person to have flashbacks of the trauma and have nightmares of the traumatic experience.

The last part of the brain that is affected by PTSD is the prefrontal cortex. This person will be affected by Ptsd, making fear more present in a person. (Emotional Trauma and the Prefrontal Cortex.) It can make the person more likely to have negative emotions. Even if you had emotional trauma, it is still possible to recover from it. There are treatments to help PTSD to get better. (Can the brain heal itself after trauma?) A person can choose therapy, so they can talk about their trauma and heal or take medication to make the symptoms milder. (How to recover from emotional trauma.)

Summary when Ptsd happens to a person, the brain changes. Before the amygdala regulates emotions, it only perceives flight or escape when there is danger. When PTSD comes into effect, the amygdala is overactive and does fight or flight response even when no threat is present. For the hippocampus is for recollecting memories and can stay in the present moment. When it is damaged, it makes the person have flashbacks and nightmares of their traumatic event and they live it all over again. Lastly, for the prefrontal cortex it is responsible for making decisions and judgements. When a person has PTSD they can overreact because they experience more fear and feel more negative emotions. A person can recover from PTSD and recover from the trauma.

Work Cited Page

What is posttraumatic stress disorder? What Is PTSD? (n.d.). https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/what-is-ptsd.

Thatcher, D. T. T. D. (2021, August 11). Can emotional trauma cause brain damage? Highland Springs. https://highlandspringsclinic.org/blog/can-emotional-trauma-cause-brain-damage/.

Localization of Funcition. psu learning modules. (n.d.). https://psu.instructure.com/courses/2130474/modules/items/33027052.