Author Archives: hmn5058

Benefits of Massage

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We know that massage helps relieve sore muscles, but what exactly is it doing to our tissues? An article in the New York Times describes an experiment done that tested the exact effects that professional massage has. 
“On a first visit, they biopsied one leg of each subject at rest. At a second session, they had them vigorously exercise on a stationary bicycle for more than an hour until they could go no further. Then they massaged one thigh of each subject for 10 minutes, leaving the other to recover on its own. Immediately after the massage, they biopsied the thigh muscle in each leg again. After allowing another two-and-a-half hours of rest, they did a third biopsy to track the process of muscle injury and repair.” 
The “biopsies” were done by making small incisions in the leg to obtain muscle tissue for analysis.
Former knowledge about muscles told us that when the muscles are worked hard, they make little tears and then become inflamed and the body works to repair them. The experiment showed that in the massaged leg, the production of cytokines (cause inflammation) was greatly reduced while mitochondria (turn glucose into energy to help cell repair) were stimulated. When athletes take pain relievers to combat soreness, they bring down the inflammation but slow down healing. Massage presents a “win-win” situation where inflammation is reduced AND muscle repair is enhanced.

Does turkey make you sleepy?

For as long as I can remember, I have been told on Thanksgiving to blame my post-dinner sleepiness on the turkey. But after watching a Mythbuster’s episode testing the theory that turkey makes you sleepy and busting it, I learned why it wasn’t true.

The reasoning is that turkey has a lot of tryptophan, an amino acid that is used by the body to make niacin which is important to the creation of serotonin. Seratonin is a chemical in the brain that makes you feel relaxed. Though turkey is high in tryptophan, it has no more than other types of poultry. In fact, according to WebMD, it has slightly less than chicken.
So if it’s not the turkey that’s making us sleepy, what is? According to both WebMD and the Mythbuster team, the grogginess is caused by overeating. Digestion takes a lot of energy and that combined with the relaxing vacation atmosphere and possibly alcohol makes for a lots of post-dinner sleepiness.
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Flight

Ever since I started school at Penn State, I have been flying lots of planes back and forth across the country. I love sitting by the window to watch the changing skies and landscapes, but also to watch the flaps on the wings. I have never taken physics so I didn’t fully understand how lift and all that worked so I did some research and what I found out was very interesting.

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The website HowStuffWorks clarifies that flight can be explained using fluid mechanics. Gases are classified as fluids along with liquids and considering their movement, it makes a lot of sense. What makes flight possible is the relationship between four factors: lift, weight, drag, and thrust.Obviously, the force of lift and thrust have to be stronger than that of weight and drag in order to get forward and upward movement. I learned that lift is possible only when the fluid is moving around a stationary object (like a kite) or when the object is moving through a stationary fluid (like a plane through air). When air is split over and under the wing, the air above it is faster , creating lower pressure than below and this is what causes the aircraft to gain altitude. In order to turn, the pilot alters the angle of the wings using flaps to dive down on one side, while going up on the other in order to roll into the turn.
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The science of looooooove

You know that feeling. Shaky hands, weak knees, and butterflies not only in your stomach, but somehow fluttering madly throughout your entire body. You can’t stop thinking about them. “Events occurring in the brain when we are in love have similarities with mental illness.”(BBC) I think that’s pretty believable. Why does this happen? Why that one person out of everyone? Helen Fisher of Rutgers University says that we fall in love in three stages and that different set of chemicals in the brain is responsible for each one.

Stage one is none other than Lust. This stage is driven by the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen. Take note that testosterone is not just found in men, but also plays a big part in a woman’s sex drive.
Stage two is Attraction. “This is the truly love-struck phase. When people fall in love they can think of nothing else.” (BBC) In this phase a group of neuro-transmitters called monoamines play the important roles. These include dopamine, norepinephrine (also known as adrenaline), and seratonin (the one that “sends you temporarily insane”).
Stage three is Attachment. This is the stage that signifies a long-term relationship. The two hormones that play a role in this phase are oxytocin (released during orgasm to promote bonding) and vasopressin.
So now you know. It’s not a fairytale, it’s not fate, it’s simply hormones oozing around in your brain as if you had a mental illness. <3
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The Cane Toad

Invasive species are a problem all over the world. Foreign species being introduced to different regions is usually at the fault of humans, intentional or not. Sometimes human ships get stowaways like rats or fleas or even viruses that will be transferred to the other region. This can be extremely dangerous and detrimental for the indigenous species. Without any natural predators, the invasive species may spread unchecked, taking over territory. Here is a frightening list of 10 of the World’s Worst Invasive Species. I think the snakehead fish that can walk on land is particularly terrifying.

The cane toad is a prime example of how humans should not be putting species where they don’t belong. In rural Australia, people brought in cane toads from Hawaii to supposedly eat the native cane beetle that was damaging the sugar cane crops. Unfortunately, the toad did not eat the cane beetles and instead have “rapidly multiplied in population and now number over 200 million and have been known to spread diseases affecting local biodiversity”(Wikipedia). They are also very poisonous, secreting their toxin through glands on their head.
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Coughing

So I take a break from writing blog posts to take a little nap. No big deal, right? Apparently it is because this darn cough that is leftover from a cold I had a week ago got much much worse once I lay down. So instead of sleeping, I looked up why I cough more while laying down and wrote a blog post about it…

According to Dr. Mitchell Blass, there are three main reasons why this happens. The first reason is gravity. The mucus begins to pool at the back of your throat so you cough to clear it out. One way to counteract this is to elevate your head with a pillow. The second reason is the dry indoor air that can irritate the nose and throat. Some people use humidifiers to help bring moisture to the air, but this should be done with caution. If the water put into the device isn’t sterile, you can risk “cycling the germs back into the air or breeding other diseases.” The third reason is simply your body is trying to clear congestion and make you well again. 
A few tips to help lessen coughing at night include drinking lots of water before bed to thin the mucus and also sucking on a cough drop to soothe the throat.
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The tides

We all know that the moon is responsible for the changing of the tides, but how exactly does it work? The moon’s gravity causes the oceans on Earth to bulge outwards causing high tides. The same thing happens to the water on the opposite side of the planet due to the centrifugal force caused by the Earth and moon revolving around a common gravitational center. The same forces are in effect when it comes to the Sun, however it is weaker due to the greater distance between the Earth and the Sun. 

The height of the tides can vary throughout the month because the moon gets closer and farther away during it’s revolution.The closest distance to Earth is called perigee and the farthest is called apogee. During apogee, the gravitational forces can increase by 50 percent.
The tides most commonly occur twice a day but never at the same time. The moon takes about 24 hours and 50 minutes to reach the same place over Earth again.
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The science of the camera

I am a photojournalism major and one of the very first things that we learned in my photojournalism class was how the camera works. I think it is fascinating how that little machine in your hands is designed like the human eye. Obviously it does not do a lot of the things that a real eyeball is capable of, but it is so adjustable that you can create a wide array of effects.

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The images created by the camera are made by light entering through the lens and hitting a series of mirrors inside. The factors that control the amount of light that come in are the ISO number, the aperture size, and the shutter speed. The ISO controls how sensitive the sensor in the camera will be to the light that enters. The higher the ISO, the higher the sensitivity. The aperture size is the size of the opening that lets the light into the camera. The higher the number, the smaller the hole, the less light will come in. The shutter speed is pretty self explanitory. The speeds are measured to the fraction of a second. 
In addition to adjusting exposure of the photo, you can also manipulate the photo using depth of field (the amount of the photo that is in focus). My professor, John Beale, created a very interesting interactive website that allows you to see the effects of changing the settings on the camera. 

Pucker up!

Kissing: something we all enjoy. But how did it start? Did two people just decide to bump faces one day? Why do we do it? This article says that kissing may have originated from mothers feeding pre-chewed food to their infants from mouth to mouth. Obviously it has come a long way since then. Nowadays we use kissing as a way to gauge a partner for potential as a mate and perhaps even a way to maintain a relationship.

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One of the first topics that this and other articles cover is how men and women view kissing differently. Women see kissing as essential and as a means to assess mates and to monitor the status of a relationship. Most men, on the other hand, see kissing as just a means to an end. They kiss with the hope of getting some more later on.
In the chemistry aspect of a kiss, there are many things going on. The action of kissing releases dopamine and reduces the level of cortisol (a stress hormone). There are trace amounts of testosterone found in male saliva and when transferred to a woman’s mouth by kissing over time, it may actually enhance her libido.
What do you think about this topic? Do you think kissing is an effective gauge to how a relationship will go?

Chocolate is good for you

I know we discussed briefly in class how chocolate makes you smarter, but that’s not the only benefit that chocolate has for you! The biggest factor that improves health is the flavonoids. These can help prevent stokes, protect skin against UV rays, and improve mental math skills. Chocolate can also slows blood clotting and improves blood flow which reduces likelihood of a heart attack and protects against blood inflammation.

This helpful article also explains how chocolate can also prevent cancer, reduce the risk of diabetes, control coughs, and make you live longer. They don’t even get into how it makes you happy!

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