Author Archives: jab6000

Brain Games and Luminosity. Is it a scam?

Many of you have most likely seen Luminosity commercials or heard about it’s efficacy. It claims to train your brain using the power of neuroscience and neuroplasticity! How scientific sounding is that?! But are they just using buzzwords or is this legit?

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Still sounds pretty convincing. Start their training and they’ll give you an insight into how they will train your brain to be better and smarter.

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Graph with a picture of a brain. Can’t go wrong there. Science!

The real question is, does it really work? Go to www.luminosity.com and look at their portion of the science behind it. They claim to have published many papers and given many talks on the project. But that’s from the website itself, of course they’re not going to say it’s a scam. Well a third party study was done on these brain games and Dr. Shelli Kessler has led a study at Stanford to try and prove whether or not these do work.

Her experimental group played the Luminosity game four times a week for 12 weeks. The results before and after the 12 weeks showed they improved on “word finding, executive functioning, and processing speed” over a control group.  However this study had flaws, as it depended on self-report for a few measures.

Two more studies gave conflicting results. Professor Susan Jaeggi led a study that showed positive results of brain training game, while a Georgia tech study found no such effect on it’s participants. There is new research coming out that says that playing video games in one area can improve cognition in that area. But for how long? Do you have to constantly play these games to maintain that level of cognition? And are the Luminosity games the best ones for your brain? These questions are still being debated by scientists right now.

I did the free trial myself and this is what Luminosity claimed it could do for me:

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But what do those numbers MEAN?! I’ll be 92% better at spotting birds and remembering tiles (two games the trails had me do)? Or will I score better on my completely unrelated biology test? I don’t know about other people that see these ads but it really does seem like a sensationalist scam.

 

http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/02699052.2010.536194

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3050575/

http://thestochasticman.wordpress.com/2009/02/26/why-brain-training-doesnt-work/

Cancer and Grieving. An orphan’s perspective. Part 3/3

There is nothing in the world like losing a parent. I am not a father I have never had children, I can only imagine that losing a child has to be right up there with it, but it’s a different kind of grief. For the most part your parents are all you’ve known. They’re your guidance and your cheer and a lot of the times your owner and despair. No matter what age you are losing a parent changes you. Unfortunately I lost both of mine due to cancer at an early age, 16 and 21, and losing my mother was the worst thing I’ve ever had to experience.

For me I think I grieve differently than most people. My mom had cancer for about 4 months and while I was optimistic, I think I was preparing myself for the inevitable. Even so, nothing really could prepare me for that day. For the most part it was a blur. It was the middle of the spring semester and I was at the hospital all weekend sleeping in the same room and the same clothes. My mom was asleep most of the time, her body trying to fight off an infection she got in the hospital due to constant cancer testing on her lungs. She fought hard over the weekend until eventually Monday morning her body gave in to her illness. She didn’t have to fight to breathe and suffer that pain anymore. And yet I kneeled over that hospital bed and cried for an eternity. People try to comfort you in situations like that but it doesn’t do anything, nothing will ever be the same again and you know it.

After that there was no time to rest. My mother’s bills and estate had to be dealt with. She didn’t have life insurance, only debts and two mortgages. That’s what we had to make sure wouldn’t come onto us. We had no idea how bad it was until our Uncle set to work uncovering everything and getting what information we needed. The house needed to be foreclosed on, that was a fact. There was no way my sister and I could cover the other half of the mortgage and all the bills that go with it. We had to get what we wanted from that house and leave it as is.

It’s in these moments that we tend to reflect on our own lives. As I had to go through the house my parents bought, picking what I thought I would need and leaving whatever I couldn’t take, I thought a lot about my life. Is this what I would want to leave my kids when I’m gone? How strange is it that 5 years ago my father and mother were saving for retirement and planning their lives as old people? What does any of this mean now? I thought it could and would motivate me to do better in school and try to do the most with the time I have left. At first it did and I thought I was ok because I was driven by that, but eventually everything comes back around.

The toll of everything hit me over time, and while I was working my ass off over the summer doing research I was also drinking it off too, never realizing the effects that was having on me. Not taking the time over the summer to look back on everything and evaluate my new life has crept into how I’ve been able to handle school work this semester. This is to say that I’ve barely been able to handle it, this shocked me. The me a year ago would have been killing it this semester but something wasn’t right with me anymore. I could hardly focus on anything, nothing seemed important enough to actually do when I could get wasted or do nothing. It was a problem it took me too long to notice. As a man we’re not supposed to have depression or be sad for an amount of time, and that’s how I treated it. I put my head down and got busy. This turned out to be a pretty harsh mistake that came to bite me in the ass when my brain decided to handle the grief in another way filled with only distractions all the time.

It’s only been recently that I’ve come to the realization that it’s having an effect on my relationships too. I developed a thought process of keeping people at a distance to keep them from having to go through what my mother and family have gone through in grieving the loss of a person. Whether it’s that I’m actually afraid of dying young or just the chance that I could lose another person I’m not sure about but I do believe that’s something that my life experience has done to alter my normal ways of thinking.

Again I want to say that I wrote this three part entry because I know now there are other people like me who live in silent torment over this kind of loss. I’m not afraid to openly admit that this realization only occurred when I started going to group grief therapy; another thing that men don’t normally like to do or admit to doing but is actually incredibly helpful. I wrote this so that people like me can be understood by others maybe a little better.

 

Brain Talk!

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Neuroscience of Depression in Men

I learned in my own research of the topic of depression that there isn’t much research on depression in men that didn’t have the qualifier of gay, bisexual, specific ethnicity, specific region, impairment or age. In other words most papers that do look at depression in men are interested specifically in gay men or Asian men. Most studies that do look at depression focus almost entirely on women. I wanted to know if my reaction to the death of my mother was depression or not, without actually diagnosing myself. Unfortunately I didn’t come up with much, even on the imaging side of the research, that dealt mostly with men without a specific qualifier other than sex.

What I do know about neuroimaging and depression in general is from this paper: A Meta-Analytic Study of Changes in Brain Activation in Depression. The conclusion this paper came to is that after studying numerous other imaging studies using different methods a pattern of brain regions could be found. However, and most importantly, there was limited overlap in findings between the areas focused on in the imaging studies. This means that Depression involves a number of complex systems and areas that cannot be pinned down to a simple brain model. There are significant differences even in the way these systems are activated in a depressed brain, nothing of which that can quantify within any particular method. They also noted that due to many studies not using consistent methods it was hard to conduct a qualitative analysis on the cognitive activation.

One system that was consistently overactive was the cortical-limbic regions that include the middle areas of the brain including the area used for fine motor movements. This implies depressed brains tend to overthink what they’re doing more than control brains. It was also overactive in negative situations leading to the same conclusion. There is no good general neural system for depression or even biological explanation. What we do know is that it is incredibly taxing on the energy your brain consumes.

If you’ve read all of these or just this one I want to thank you for letting me share all of this with you

Why the hell do I have to sleep my life away?

Everybody sleeps. As a matter of fact almost every living thing sleeps. Many animals have adapted the amazing skill of shutting off parts of their brain to go to “sleep” and then shutting down the other half after a rest. Birds can do this in flight and fish can do this while swimming. Evolution has given these animals the skills they need to sleep, above anything else, but still be able to maintain movement long enough to stay alive. 

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Even the apple

Your brain and body prioritize sleep over anything else once you really start to need it. Truck drivers fall asleep at the wheel every year from driving for days on no sleep and having their brain shut down on them.

But why? What is it about sleep that makes it so damn important? We learned a little bit about this in class that one hypothesis for sleep is the importance it has on our brains. We form new neurons and get rid of ones we don’t need. It releases stress and gets rid of chemicals in the brain that can damage cells as you stay awake. Is that it? Every single animal that exists had an ancestor that decided somewhere down the line the best way to solve those problems and do those things was to make yourself as vulnerable as possible to any threat you actively avoid during the day. In a world where everything wants to kill and eat you that doesn’t make a lot of sense evolutionarily. Sleep is so important to the human brain’s cleansing and healing process that it makes itself vulnerable just to get it done.

Sleep in neuroscience is defined as “a state that optimizes the consolidation of newly acquired information in memory.” It’s main purpose is to take the memories you kept from the day and decide what’s important about them, what to keep and what to get rid of. Of course it’s not just the new experiences of the day that become consolidated it’s the information you have deemed important over your recent past. When you’re constantly thinking about a movie you saw a week ago or the girl you met a few days ago that’s what is going to be running through your memory mills as you sleep. And your brain works very hard at night to do this. Without sleep you are unable to keep focused because sleep maintains all the information you’ve been dealing with in a time where the brain has no other obligations. As it’s awake it’s doing a million things just to keep you awake and alive, but at rest it can use that energy to clean the garbage out of its cells and deal with the massive influx of information.

One team of scientists compiled evidence on sleep and learning and concluded that each stage of sleep, slow wave sleep and REM sleep, holds a very important piece in memory formation. In sleep your brain establishes patterns of neurotransmitters and neurohormones to reactivate memories and create representations of them in your long-term memory. This process places them in two long-term memory categories, procedural and declarative. Procedural memory is your unconscious memory of skills and actions and relies below your own awareness. Declarative memory is the memory you can consciously recall at will. Almost all your ability to consolidate these forms of your long-term memory happen in sleep. If it was not for sleep your life wouldn’t be more than what happened to you in the last few days.

Cancer and Grieving. An orphan’s perspective. Part 2

Grief is a powerful emotion. Some people don’t even think of it as an emotion on it’s own, instead it’s a form of fear. Fear of being alone, fear of death, fear of the unknown, and fear of abandonment, all wrapped into one terrible bag of pain and sadness. 

The grief my mother felt for my father was alien to me. He was her world, her best friend and closest companion. Nothing in the world meant as much to her as he did and all of a sudden nothing she could do would bring him back. This was the opposite to me as I finally felt like I could be myself now with him gone and not crushing me with his abuse and unreachable expectations. I wanted to help her through this grief but there was nothing I could do if I could not relate to her pain. 
As I said in part 1, the point of this is to help people possibly understand what it’s like for somebody whose world is crashing down on them. Unfortunately the truth is it’s impossible to understand unless it has happened to you. My mother was never the same person again, and I doubt I could have ever said or done the perfect thing to change that. 
When your husband or parents or anybody close to you dies there is a piece of yourself that is lost with them. Who they were to you will never be matched by anything else and will for a long long time only manifest as pain. It’s said that there are 5 stages of grief:  denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance.
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Recent research has shown that this systematic step by step process is bogus and that most people tend to experience a lot of these stages all at once and may go back and forth between some. After experiencing what I have I think it makes a lot more sense as my mother seemed to experience a bi-polar form of grief while experiencing several stages and then none. Depression and anger being two big ones and would only surface when realizations arose that my father really was gone.

For five long years my mother went through a downward spiral of depression and self destruction, all the while lying to herself and her children that nothing was really wrong. For a long time she turned to alcohol. She never used to have more than one drink at a time but she would come home for work and make two or three. It was her only release from the tremendous pain she was dealing with. I did what I could but as a 16 year old I had no idea how I was supposed to help somebody as tremendously stubborn as my own mother. She stopped working as hard as she used to and ended up being laid off. She got another job at reduced pay, but this did not stop her from spending money on food, clothes she didn’t need and furniture she couldn’t afford. Anything to distract her long enough for her to forget that her life wouldn’t live up to the plans her and my father laid before them. 

Eventually she started to have tremendous pains in her stomach and it was discovered that she was abusing ibuprofen along with her alcohol to try and deal with this pain she may have manifested as the doctors could never find an origin for it. She had surgery for this twice and therefore had to stop drinking and taking the advil. The second time she went in we discovered a huge bottle of prescription drugs she was also abusing. In our efforts to help her deal with her depression we got her into rehab and counseling after a long long battle to convince her we needed her to do that. 

After that things started looking up, after 5 long years we might have finally gotten our mother back. All that she had left was an infection she developed in her jaw due to recently pulled out molars. After going in to have a piece of her jaw removed the surgeons had to stop suddenly and do a biopsy. It turned out not to be an infection but in fact a rare form of bone sarcoma. Cancer. The news crushed us, but we didn’t let it beat us. I was afraid she would give up after that but she went through the treatments and 3 months later we were done the first big round of chemo and radiation. Our relief wouldn’t last long as she developed a spot in her lung and passed of an infection in her lung in March of 2013.

The toll of dealing with the grief and depression of my fathers death took its toll on my mother’s body and ultimately was a tremendous influence in cutting her life so short. I will talk about what I’ve learned from my own grief and how I’ve handled it in the final entry, part 3.

Brain Talk!
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Neuroanatomy of Grief
In this entry I would like to talk about grief’s affect on the brain. In fMRI research done by Harald Gundel and collaborators they noted specific systems that are activated when a participant is experiencing grief over a loved one. The researchers used pictures and words associated with the person that specific participant was grieving in order to examine the neurological responses to these stimuli when compared to the participant viewing neutral images.
The researchers gathered data on a number of regions in the brain and noticed increased activation in areas of the: caudate nucleus, the cerebellum, the posterior cingulate cortex and others. What the researchers noticed was a neural system that is in overdrive while experiencing grief has processes relating to episodic memory, face recognition, autonomic regulation including immune system, and general cognitive processing. This means that in a grieving person the processes that this system covers might not be working to their full potential while a person is experiencing grief. 
There are problems with this study however. While there was a control task, there was no control or comparison group. This system could be activated whenever somebody sees somebody important to them regardless of if they are alive or not. Also this study only has 8 people so the sample size brings more doubts into this conclusion. When reading fMRI and imaging studies like this you have to look out for the sample size since it can be tough to get a lot of participants for studies like this. None the less it does show a significant change in the way we humans handle grief at a neuronal level.
References: 

Cancer and Grieving. An orphan’s perspective. Part 1

This topic is a little heavy so I don’t recommend reading it lightly. If it’s not your thing just enjoy these puppies and keep scrolling to the next entry

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For a lot of average students and people our age death isn’t really an a subject that constantly occupies our thoughts. Sure we ponder about religion and whether there is anything after we die, but usually death isn’t something the average person thinks about on a day to day bases. However for a lot of us who have lost loved ones it can be hard not to think about death and the impact it has on the people close to us almost every day. This blog will talk a little bit about death and a little bit about cancer specifically, but mostly it will talk about grief, since grief is what we live with no matter what.
But before I talk about that in more detail I need to share some background with you. I am a 21 year old male from south eastern PA. I am a senior here at Penn State and I want to pursue a career in Neuropsychology specifically related to brain plasticity. I grew up with my mother and father and sister in Blue Bell and North Wales, PA. I did not have an easy life but I am not writing this for pity or sympathy. I am writing this so that people can understand what it is like for those of us who have dealt with tremendous loss and are still reeling from it.
For the most part I had a normal childhood. A house, friends, plenty of family and food and clothes to wear. I can never say I was ever without any of those things and that is always something I am thankful for. However there was one thing I always had, an irate overbearing father. 
I feared him and most times I hated him. Everything had to be absolute perfection in his eyes or I was doomed to be abused and screamed at. None of my friends ever wanted to come over and I was almost never allowed to do anything. While my friends went out after practice I had to come home and make sure everything was cleaned and chores were done before dinner. I hated practice but the more sports I was in the less time I had to be home. I usually sat in my room and hoped he never came across something to yell at me for. All that could be forgiven however if he only acted like a real dad and not just an anger machine. I didn’t have a father I had a boss, principal, and drill sergeant all rolled into one. 
Do not be mistaken, I never went hungry and I always had a bed. I only wish to give you that small insight into my childhood in hopes you will understand what his death meant to me. He was diagnosed with cancer in 2006, had his kidney removed, went into remission, and it came back 18 months later. He died in December 2008 due to tumors in his lungs. I was 16 years old. For me at that time it was almost a blessing. I became a different man after that and finally experienced things I had put off for way too long. However my “happiness” was overshadowed by the tremendous depression this put my mother in. Something she never recovered from.
That’s something I will talk about in Part 2. For now I’d like to use my Neuroscience background to give you a little insight into the power of childhood abuse. 
Brain Talk!
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As somebody who was beat and smacked over the head on a daily bases I always wondered what that was doing to me in the long run. Much research has shown that survivors of childhood abuse are at significant risk for developing anxiety and depressive disorders in adulthood. Those with parents whose methods were characterized by rejection, lack of warmth, and physical harm showed a much higher increase in psychological disorders than children who’s parents did not use these methods. You would think it would be obvious that calling your son a fucking idiot and slamming him into the floor for missing a spot after sweeping would be harmful to their development but for some of our parents that was not obvious. 
An article titled: “Neurobiological effects of childhood abuse: implications for the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety” by Penza, Heim, and Nemeroff states that “Stress endured early in life, during a time of high neuronal plasticity, may contribute to development of long-term HPA axis dysfunction.” Dysfunction of this system causes extreme challenges to stress and hormone responses. However this was only in animals, what about humans?
This HPA dysfunction was also found in human subjects in other papers published by Heim in 2001. Further research showed that stress in adulthood can further compound these dysfunctions. This system also has toxic effects on hippocampal functioning, which is responsible for memory formation. Over-stimulation of this stress response system can atrophy the hippocampus leading to emotional regluation and memory problems. In other words, research show beating your children is bad for their brains.
References:
McCloskey LA, Figueredo AJ, Koss MP (1995) The effects of systemic family violence on children’s mental health. Child Dev 66: 1239-1261.
Ladd CO, Huot RL, Thrivikraman KV, Nemeroff CB, Meaney MJ, Plotsky PM (2000) Long term behavioral and neuroendocrine adaptations to adverse early experience. Prog Brain Res 122: 81-103.
Plotsky PM, S�nchez MM, Levine S (2001) Intrinsic and extrinsic factors modulating physiological coping systems during development. In: Broom DM (ed), Coping with challenge Dahlem University Press, Berlin, pp 169-196.

Meth. The Wonder Drug.

Hey typical Penn State college student. I’m your friendly drug dealer, hanging out around your local McLanahan’s. I’m here to tell you why meth (also known as crystal meth, crystal, cris, chrissy, christina, tina, glass, ice, cream, ice cream, cream candy, candy, chalk, speed, junk, and least commonly Methamphetamine) is the best drug in the world. You should be smoking it right now actually. Meth was created by scientists in 1919. Really smart scientists that wanted to create a drug that would solve all of the problems of the 1910’s like Chinese people and Satan. In 1943 it turned out it had a real use and, along with its brother amphetamine, was used to treat a range of disorders like: obesity, alcoholism, depression and what we now call ADHD. That means your grandparents and maybe even your parents used this drug all the time, and they turned out perfectly fine.

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Don’t be a hog grandma!

 

 In 1971 Congress classified both amphetamine and methamphetamine as Schedule II drugs, for pretty much no reason. This increased the black market demand for meth and production increased dramatically.

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Source

 

Amphetamine is still prescribed by doctors today to treat ADHD as Adderall or Ritalin, so if doctors say that’s safe Methamphetamine is practically the same thing. Meth alone has a ton of bonus properties you won’t find in many other drugs. Its use triggers an immediate cascade of dopamine in the brain, similar to cocaine. Also similar to cocaine, with meth you’ll feel alert, confident and less tired and hungry. Not similar to cocaine, it’s cheap! Or you can even make it yourself! Isn’t that great! It’s the perfect drug for college students if you’re nervous for that big test or important interview.

Meth is used by 24.7 million happy customers all over the world! The US government themselves have reported in 2008 that approximately 12 million people over the age of 12 have used meth at least once in their lives and 700,000 people are using meth right now, that’s awesome! The hype train is really just getting started so you can jump on now and not miss out like some people you might know. I’m almost certain somebody you know already does meth so just ask around, it couldn’t hurt. In very rare cases complications can come up like neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Those never happen though, why would so many people use it if it was actually bad for you?

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Just another happy customer

 

Still confused why this drug is amazing? Just watch this video. But only watch the first minute, the rest is propaganda.

Remember, only watch the first minute

Disclaimer: I do not actually think anybody should be taking meth and wrote this in a way to educate people a little about it in a sarcastic and hopefully entertaining way. If I get any more comments saying that I should say meth is so great because it’s so bad those people missed the point of this and/or just didn’t read it.

(Reference: http://www.drugpolicy.org/drug-facts/methamphetamine-facts)

Olde English

In a heated game of poker on the rainy night of 1777 Benjamin Franklin leaned over to his friend Alexander the Great and said “Man we’re pretty smart guys right?” Alex nodded and pointed at his friend Nikola Tesla. “Yeah man we’re great, just look at Tesla. Look at that hair:”
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Nikola Tesla
“Thanks guys, I really needed that.” Said Ben. “I’ve just been really intimidated by this Jason guy.” That’s when I came in and taught them everything they knew. Then we drank and drank The end.
Hi everybody I hope you all enjoyed my story that really happened and was about me. My name is Jason Blake and I am a Senior Psychology major focused in Neuroscience. I want to go to graduate school for a PhD in Clinical Psychology or Neuroscience. So yeah, I’m into science. I don’t think my major is technically a science major but the damn thing has neuroSCIENCE in it so I think I’m like a bad student or something for being in this class. This class looks like fun even to somebody like me who does actually like science and I’d love to talk about all the cool shit I’m into. Also I’m taking this course to fill out my last GN credits, so mostly that.
An interesting fact about me is that even though I do not look half Negro American I am actually a mixed person. Half black half and half who the hell knows, white or something. But despite all that adversity I still managed to love science even as a kid. I know I know I should have started rapping or never stopped playing sports but I just happened to have interests in more complicated things, like the brain.
Anyway science is cool because it tries to answer questions we’ve NEVER KNOWN. Like how scientists still don’t know WHY we SLEEP. Or if we can post curse words in our PSU blog entries. These questions may never be answerable to human beings. Cool as shit.
I have a twitter. I have a facebook. I’d rather just give you a link of this