In an Alternative Universe…

“In an alternative universe” as a phrase typically connects to quirky thought like, “In an alternative universe, where Will Smith and Chris Rock shook hands instead…” and then a slightly out of line, snarky punch line follows.  But maybe Mr. Smith and Mr. Rock really do exist in an alternative universe compatible with the multiverse theory.

Multiverse theory implies that the universe we barely know and maybe love accompanies an unknown number of other universes that vary in different levels from our own.  Brilliant minds suggest a plethora of ways that a multiverse can happen, but the ones I find the most fascinating are the inflation theory and the “many worlds” hypothesis.

The inflation theory adds on to the Big Bang theory, which suggests that everything in space resulted from an infinitely dense particle that expanded or “inflated” outwards in an extraordinarily short time period.  As inflation occurs, quantum fluctuations, a property stemming from the Heisenberg uncertainty principle proposing an inability to know two physical properties simultaneously, like location and momentum at once, state that the amount of energy at a point of space randomly changes, disrupt the fabric of spacetime.

Spacetime, in its most simple terms, interconnects the three dimensions of space with time, which were traditionally assumed to be separate.  A relationship between space and time means that higher speeds effectively make time move slower, and strong gravitational fields also affect how time proceeds from separate observers perspectives.

These disruptions of spacetime each form universes, called pocket universes which may either expand or contract and form conditions and physical laws like ours, different to ours, or just completely collapse.  Bringing the last blog’s topic on the anthropic coincidences, which says that our universe has laws that are fine tuned for our existence, is called into question as the creation of so many, a near infinite number, of pocket universes, means that one universe fit for life as we know it could exist because simply because there are so many chances to create a universe fit for humans.

Ending with a different variation of the multiverse, the many worlds theory also uses the uncertainty principle but uses probability and time to create branching universes that cease interacting with each other after a probabilistic event.  Imagine flipping a coin with a perfect 50-50 chance of landing on either heads or tails, but instead of it landing on one side, both future chances are produced in separate daughter universes with its own non-interactive future, but an observer can only see one outcome, even though many daughter universes are formed as a result.  Instead of a coin though, because it doesn’t actually have a 50-50 chance, it’s the laws of quantum mechanics, because quantum mechanics gives probability, not certainty.

Science and physics provide compelling evidence for these theories, and we may never know the truth, either because we evolve or do not possess the capacity to know.  In addition, both these theories are a way to work around the idea that we are here with intention—but just because we feel we’re more special than other universes, if they exist, doesn’t mean that all universes exist without purpose.

 

RCL Blog 4: Outline of Rhetorical Essay

Image of Online Credit Card Offer from https://www.luxurycard.com/goldcard

Image of Online Credit Card Offer from https://www.luxurycard.com/goldcard

Introduction

Opening Sentence: Whether it be inserting, tapping, or typing the digits of a credit card, the instant gratification of buying a new phone, swanky kicks, or a ticket to the latest pop star’s concert with a credit card universally ties Americans.

Brief History of the Credit Card and the Credit System:

  • (Olegario):
    • America has its roots in credit: the lending of credit to merchants before our independence to its role in slave plantations.
    • Diner’s Club card in 1949
    • 1966 à Master Charge
    • 1980s and Early 90s increase in credit card spending
  • (“Magnetic Stripe Technologies”)
    • Parry creation of Magnetic stripe

Describe the “Mastercard® Gold Card” on a general level.

Establish Urgency, especially for young people:

  • (Limbu)
    • Targeting of credit cards on college campuses
    • Spending habits

Thesis:  Entitlement feeds the American consumer’s cyclic crave of conspicuous consumption, a principle perpetuated by the modern credit card industry, by advertising misleading numerical figures, an entrance into a lifestyle, and showing itself as a uniquely caring company.

Body Section 1

Topic Sentence:  Numbers, graphs, and figures are frequently taught to be truthful, but the context provided by the Mastercard ® Gold Card misrepresents the industry, which, when isolated, renders the Gold Card as the perfect credit card.

What is Statistical Communication?

  • Define
  • “Ignoring the baseline” section

Examine the three graphs provided in their website, Airfare Redemption Rate, Cashback Redemption Rate, and the physical weight of the card.

  • BRIEF discussion of the Airfare redemption rate and lack of airline partners.
  • Introduce the concept of metal credit cards (Mull) and the appeal.

Summary of the commonplaces and ideologies relating to the statistics of the credit card:

  • Commonplaces: Money yields happiness, your success is judged based on your monetary possessions, and truth comes with statistics.
  • Ideologies: Materialism, nihilism, consumerism, and capitalism.

Body Section 2

Topic Sentence: By featuring flashy design and images of opulent lifestyles, the credit card appeals panders to Americans’ values of wealth and class.

  • Describe the website’s images and video about lifestyle:
    • Airplanes and Vacations
    • Golf
    • “Exclusive” Luxury Magazine
    • Association with major brands (The Ritz-Carlton, St. Regis..)
  • Reflection on Social Classes in America
    • Conspicuous consumption (Sheheryar, et al.)
      • Defined as “The consumption of goods and services for the purpose of gaining prestige or notoriety” (Webb)
      • “First, consumption increases when it is conspicuous (i.e., it can signal status and is observable by others). Second, costly borrowing increases when consumption is conspicuous. Third, this increase in loan-taking is driven by those at lower income levels. Finally, due to this increase in costly borrowing, inequality is exacerbated: those at the bottom borrow to signal status, and this costly borrowing further increases inequality.”
    • Advertising rarely depicts lower class Americans (Wisconsin School of Business)
      • The 1% are often over portrayed, many are celebrities who gained significant wealth, serving as an supposed conformation of the American Dream.

Body Section 3

Topic Sentence:  Credit card offers pop up everywhere, so Luxury Card employs an offer showing a unique bond between company and card holder not only through celebrities, but also a concierge service, even if the service is relatively standard across major credit card companies.

  • Describe the concierge service and its examples:
    • Helped a family choose a house to buy
    • Rented a digital billboard in NYC for a marriage proposal
    • Connected a fan with a Boston Bruins player for a meet and greet.
    • Secured valuable lost items for a traveler.
  • Associated with personalities:
    • Video advertisement featuring Ian Walsh
    • Advertisement outlining how it helps model Lily Aldridge as a model.
  • These are attempts to increase CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility), a debated topic, but mostly defined to be an ethical relationship between a company and its stakeholders (Wan-Jan).

Conclusion

  • Reiterate that the credit card is not a scam but uses marketing and Americans’ value of wealth and opulent lifestyles to counter the sub-par usefulness of the card compared to competitors.
    • Remind the reader of the thesis
  • Leave the reader with a reminder of making financially smart decisions by objectively analyzing messages from financial companies and watching for intended subjective response.

Temporary Works Cited:

IBM Corporation. IBM100 – Magnetic Stripe Technology. www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/magnetic. Accessed 27 September 2023

Limbu, Yam B. “Credit card knowledge, social motivation, and credit card misuse among college students: Examining the information-motivation-behavioral skills model.” The International Journal of Bank Marketing, vol. 35, no. 5, 2017, pp. 842-856. ProQuest, https://ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/credit-card-knowledge-social-motivation-misuse/docview/1914762089/se-2

“Mastercard® Gold CardTM – Experience the Difference.” Luxury Card, www.luxurycard.com/goldcard. Accessed 27 September 2023

Mull, Amanda. “​​​​​​​Please Look at My Metal Credit Card.” The Atlantic, 29 Nov. 2022, www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/11/metal-credit-cards-status-symbol/672296.

Olegario, Rowena. “The History of Credit in America.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History.  May 23, 2019. Oxford University Press. Date of access 26 Sep. 2023, https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-625

Sheheryar Banura and Ha Nguyen. “Borrowing to keep up (with the Joneses): Inequality, debt, and conspicuous consumption.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. Vol. 206, February 2023,. Pp. 222-242, Science Direct. https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/science/article/pii/S0167268122004462?via%3Dihub

Wan-Jan, Wan Saiful. “Defining Corporate Social Responsibility.” Journal of Public Affairs, vol. 6, no. 3–4, Wiley-Blackwell, Jan. 2006, pp. 176–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.227.

Webb, P. (2023). Conspicuous Consumption: Foundations, Factors, and Future Development. In: Shackelford, T.K. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sexual Psychology and Behavior. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08956-5_663-1

Wisconsin School of Business. “Advertising May Mislead People Into Thinking They’re Part of Shrinking Middle Class.” Wisconsin School of Business, May 2021, business.wisc.edu/news/advertising-may-mislead-people-into-thinking-theyre-part-of-shrinking-middle-class

 

RCL Blog 3: A Breakdown and Self-Deliberation of My Artifact Speech

In terms of embarrassment level, it grew perpetually higher just watching the playback video compared to sharing my thoughts live.  By saying this, I bend the truth, but a memory void and an anesthetized soul fill those five minutes of speech I spent days preparing for.  After forcing myself to watch it, what-ifs and recommendations for next time come to mind, yet I still feel pleased with myself.

Purely listening to the audio, I feel my enunciation is more than adequate for a small classroom, and I did not race and trip over my thoughts as I feared might happen.  Structurally, my presentation showcases a lucid structure with discrete sections featuring verbal cues during transition times.  Moving onto undeveloped aspects, my speaking lacked variation both in pitch and rate, which benefits certain types of speech, but reduces the impact for my cause.

My visual presentation, like posture and body signs, needs sharpening up.  Firstly, I hide behind the lectern to feel safer and reduce any shakiness, although my shakiness never presented itself as a major issue.  Most notably though, I struggle to keep eye contact for more than a few seconds.  Instead, I look off at the slideshow or my notes that sit beside me, even though I probably could present without most of them just fine.  Finally, and least worrying, hand gestures were minimal, and I stood mildly stiff instead.

Considering all these problems, my core message remains clear and potent, which satisfies my desire to share my thoughts on the library card.  I rarely get the chance to view myself engaging in something I fear, so exciting growth opportunities arise for my next speech.  Letting my petty side loose about aspects I didn’t notice, my belt was definitely not tight enough, my hair was waaaaay poofier than I hoped for, and I started swaying past the halfway point of the speech.  Admittedly, I do not yearn for another speaking opportunity anytime soon, but this exercise sparked some thoughts on civic engagement and assessed my current speaking skills.

As a Product of the Unkown…

Goldilocks swallows her perfect porridge just fine. But could she swallow the theory that she and the three bears’ house she burgled and temporarily took adverse possession of also depend on a culmination of precise and delicate conditions?  If Goldilocks considers our lives and presence as ultimately meaningless—she most likely agrees.  On the other hand, if she believes that humans and our role in the universe are intricately crafted, she can also agree, but the plot thickens!

Some argue we roam this Earth owing to a series of “Anthropic Coincidences,” developed before humans, for humans.  Anthropos in Greek translates to “human” and a coincidence is a collection of events that yields something improbable.  Together, this represents a collection of physical properties and thus events that make life as we know it possible.  Weights of atoms, gravity’s strength, and why Taylor Swift’s sound waves sound the way we hear them all support life as we know it; even slight alterations of gravity’s strength or various other physical principles prevent our existence (Okay, Taylor Swift’s music technically has no bearing on our existence, but I’ll allow it).  As Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow say:

“What can we make of these coincidences?… Our universe and its laws appear to have a design that…is tailor-made to support us and, if we are to exist, leaves little room for alteration.  That is not easily explained and raises the natural question of why it is what way.”

Continuing this, why aren’t we built like Calliou?  No, not experiencing male pattern baldness at an age countable on one hand but completely 2D.  Our brains’ development completely relies on a three-dimensional world because complicated neural pathways only work if neurons don’t significantly overlap each other.  A four-dimensional world generates additional problems: properties like gravity now depend on distance between two bodies in the x, y, z, and some other dimensions, a proposition that will send planets and stars hurling into one another.

Free Photo of Deep-Sky Object Stock Photo

Orion Nebula || Common Domain

Finding a cause or justification for how these physical properties align to create us is a complex task.  One answer that many see is religion and that an intentional force, God, intended for all conditions of life to be set the way they are, which is a convincing proposition.  Others validate the group of delicate conditions by saying the unlikely just happened or by providing circumstances in which a near infinite number of universes exist with differing physical properties and we inhabit the “correct” one.  Unfortunately, we will never collectively know the answer, so the choice is yours.  Our world is amazing and statistically impressive yet improbable; I implore you to take nothing for granted, as everything we have is a statistical gift.

RCL Blog 2 Outline

Stryn, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Cleveland Public Library, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, Photo by T. Carter Ross; card design and logo, DC Public Library, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Introduction

If you go online right now to your favorite social media, you will find Ohio is the target of a wealth admittedly funny jokes.  But one thing Ohio residents do not joke around with is registering for their library card.  According to the 2019 Public Libraries Survey from the Institute of Museum and Library Services, 74% of who live in the Buckeye State have a library card (“Public Libraries”), the highest of any U.S state and their library funding is top-notch too.  If you keep scrolling past the Ohio jokes, you will undoubtedly be force-fed misinformation and misleading posts.  This normalization of mistruths is an unfortunate aspect of modern life and poisons the free exchange of ideas commonly associated with the common ideology of liberalism in America.  The library card frames the civic by providing free flowing and credible content, practicing accountability to shape the next generation, and anchoring the community, especially for groups on the social margins.

Body

Main Point 1: Combating Mistruth

  • A library card will give access to
    • Content written by experts
    • Content not widely influenced by sponsors (paid by state)
    • Databases evaluated and maintained for accuracy
    • Content doesn’t change without notice
  • A library card and the librarian
    • Librarians are trained in information literacy
      • Skills to locate and use credible information
    • Commonplace: Spending lots of time à Good results
      • No, using a librarian is time and energy effective
    • Ideologies:
      • Liberalism & Individualism à promoting social progress of any view using credible fact.

Main Point 2:  Practicing Accountability

  • Support your library by opening a card and using it:
    • Borrow and Return – a representation of life
      • Leave for the next person
      • Trust
    • Library Bill of Rights: “Books and other library resources should be provided for the interest, information, and enlightenment of all people of the community the library serves. Materials should not be excluded because of the origin, background, or views of those contributing to their creation.” (“Library Bill”)
    • Commonplaces: “What goes around comes around” (A good thing in this case) and Karma
    • Ideology:
      • Altruism – the quality of unselfish concern for the welfare of others

Main Point 3:  It Serves as A Community Anchor

  • Learn more about what affects your society through local collections.
  • Using a plastic or digital card: Adaptation: new tech (3d Printing) and services
  • More than half of African American and Hispanic people surveyed indicated a library helps them find jobs. (Horrigan)
  • Lower income members of the African American community most likely to see the library as a community anchor. (Horrigan)
  • Commonplaces: those on the social margins are there because they don’t work hard enough
  • Ideology: Humanism – doctrine promoting the welfare of mankind

Conclusion

The time to register and use a library card is anytime that you need to further your knowledge, societal outreach, or even entertainment.  That is, there is no time that isn’t fit for a library card.  Using a library card furthers the mission of the library and civic engagement through the contribution to the flow of individual ideas.  It does this by preventing misinformation, demonstrating accountability for shared resources as well as the next generation, and by anchoring the community through a multitude of library services.  I know as Penn State students, we do not require a dedicated library card, but in your next stages of life I urge you to draw upon the library card to build the change in community you seek to surround you.

 

 

Works Cited

“Library Bill of Rights”, American Library Association, June 30, 2006.http://www.ala.org/advocacy/intfreedom/librarybill/. Accessed September 7, 2023

Horrigan, John B. “Lower Income Americans and Communities of Color More Likely to See Libraries as Community Anchors.” Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, 15 Sept. 2015, www.pewresearch.org/internet/2015/09/15/lower-income-americans-and-communities-of-color-more-likely-to-see-libraries-as-community-anchors/.

“Public Libraries in the United States: Findings from the FY 2019 Public Libraries Survey.” Institute of Museum and Library Services: Public Libraries Survey, 2019, https://www.imls.gov/research-evaluation/data-collection/public-libraries-survey. Accessed 7 Sept. 2023.

 

RCL Blog 1: Analysis of the Library Card

When someone says, “the pursuit of truth,” what do you envision, and how does it make you feel?  Put yourself in the minds of your friends and your ideological opposites—what would they think?  I imagine everyone has an opinion on acquiring knowledge, eradication or establishment of censorship, and the awareness of misleading information.  The sharing of stories, data, and media online is running at an unprecedented pace, which, for some, is the ultimate form of truth, while others see it bringing truth down to its knees.

History of the Library Card

A library card with a metal portion

The Mark and Emily Turner Memorial Library, CC BY 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

However, an institution providing free flowing and reliable information, entertainment, and other works is often only a trip (or click) away.  Public libraries, and what better represented by the library card, have been an American staple since 1790, when Benjamin Franklin donated a collection of his books for free lending in what is now Franklin, Massachusetts.

Concerning the evolution of the library card, the oldest library “tickets” found date back to 1846 but underwent a revolution in 1932 with the invention of an embossing press used to record a book’s borrowing status developed by the Gaylord Brothers.  The pieces of plastic that we know today are being replaced by digital codes and online logins, but the connection of a community member to a wealth of free material remains.

Library cards are a concrete representation of the pursuit of truth to better a community.  A community has a duty to its members to allow for academic and ideological exploration, while individual members have a responsibility to maintain the ability for future generations of knowledge-explorers.  Although access to a library is not necessarily a legal right, it often functions as one, as expressed by the American Library Association’s Library Bill of Rights:

“Books and other library resources should be provided for the interest, information, and enlightenment of all people of the community the library serves. Materials should not be excluded because of the origin, background, or views of those contributing to their creation.”

With the purpose of civic engagement in mind, the community-building ability that a library card represents is nearly infallible.  A library card is the key to the expression of the identity of both the local town and a portal to communities around the world.  Many libraries hold collections specific to a town or city’s history and track the movement within it.

A 3D printing head.

A 3D printer, which are featured at some libraries.

Moving further into the twenty-first century, libraries are adapting to foster community growth by providing services like childcare, as well as new technology like 3D printers to catalyze members’ math, science, and engineering interests.

Considering the resources to building a library, a well versed and institutionally sized library will require some financial resources, usually a few percent of a settlement’s budget.  Budgets of libraries differ from place to place (you can look up your library’s budget using this tool at the Institute of Museum and Library Services), but most spending usually goes toward staff.  The cost of a library card itself is negligible and allows those with little means to have access to larger means, although they bear the responsibility of a loan.

A library card in today’s world simultaneously has a great relation and little relation to place.  One could see that the card is to be used at a building that needs to be within a reasonable distance to a community, which is certainly true.  However, the modern library provides access to online content, requiring only an internet connection and a library card.  In some ways, having vague relationship to place serves the purpose of the library card better: anyone can get the resources they need anywhere.

Who Actually Uses the Library Card?

The utilization of the library card and the value of one differs for individuals.  According to this Pew Research study, in terms of who uses the library the most outright, female users under twenty-nine years old that are college educated are the most frequent library users.  In a separate study from Pew Research, those identifying as African American or Hispanic and low-income view library services as community anchors, although the share of those who have never been to a library is higher for lower income male residents who identify as Hispanic or African American.

Why the demographics are the way they are isn’t completely clear.  One could speculate that those who need the services more out of financial circumstance would utilize them more and that is partially true.  Those who have a lower house-hold income and are of Hispanic or African American descent are more likely to say that the library should offer services for immigrants and first-generation community members and are more likely to say it introduced them to learn more about new technology.

On the other hand, the same demographic, in addition to those who have never started college, are more likely to have never been to a library.  It is possible that their perceived need to go to a library is less, but it is not safe to assume anything about their decision to use their library card or not.

The Library Card From a Wider View

A decision to register and use a library card represents an ideology, regardless of socio-political background.  Someone who interacts with the library may have an altruistic outlook on life, believing that having concern for others is valuable, because they see the opportunity to borrow and return to benefit every community member, no matter their way of life.  From a different perspective, it can also be individualistic since loaning knowledge without censorship allows for individuals to form their own ideas.

Some commonplaces that the library card comments on are, “knowledge is power”, knowledge as an investment, and that having a library card makes you a colossal nerd.  The first two of these commonplaces are mostly true—anyone can use the truths and resources found on the bookshelves and library databases to learn new things or develop thoughts.

To the last thought about nerds, I put this in here because I heard it when high school teachers require students to register for an online card and go to the library’s website.  But why would someone say that?  Firstly, using a library is harder than clicking the first link on Google.  But also, being passionate about something and putting thought and time into researching it often equates to vulnerability and a tendency to dismiss in the eyes of some onlookers, which is sad.

A bad time to bust out the library card and visit the library doesn’t exist (unless it’s closed, or you plan to dump liquid feces around other users).  Especially in today’s misinformation craze, investing in yourself by opening a library card, physical or digital, is a stupendous start.  Whether it is an actual book, a rental podcast on the way to work, or a swing by the 3D printers, a library card is always an opportunity to develop new awareness from published sources and experience new technologies.