This page contains some resources that may help you in inserting Greek letters into English documents or configuring your computer to read Modern Greek and Polytonic Ancient Greek.
This Page
Ancient Polytonic vs. Modern Monotic
Modern Greek has a monotonic or "one tone mark" spelling system, but Ancient Greek is spelled with multiple accent marks or in a polytonic accent system.
See the Greek Diacritics page (Wikipedia) for more information.
If you are working with Ancient Greek documents or documents using Polytonic Greek spelling, you may need to access different keyboard utilities and fonts different from those designed for modern Greek or math.
Fonts for Greek
Common Fonts
Many common fonts such as Times New Roman, Helvetica, Comic Sans, Palatinto and many more include monotonic and polytonic Greek support. The way to see these characters is to activate a Greek keyboard utility (see the next section for details).
Additional Greek fonts can be purchased or downloaded, but it’s important that the fonts be properly encoded fonts.
Third Party Fonts
The following fonts are designed to fully support Greek and other ancient languages.
Third Party Freeware Serif Fonts
- New Athena Unicode (Greek Keys) – includes the full Coptic and math symbols
- Cardo – Includes phonetic symbols, Hebrew and Windows keyboard utility
- Gentium – Includes phonetic symbols
- Linux Libertine – Especially useful for TeX and LaTeX documents
Typing in Greek
This section discusses how to activate either the Polytonic or Modern Greek keyboard utilities in different platforms.
Note: If you have access to the Polytonic keyboard, you can also produce Modern Greek text.
Windows
Character Map
If you only need to insert a few characters, then you can use the Windows Character Map.
Keyboard Utilities
For longer texts, it’s best to activate one of the Microsoft Windows keyboard utilities. Both Modern Greek and Polytonic options are available.
The sites below have additional information specific to Greek
Macintosh (OS X )
Character Viewer/Palette
If you only need to insert a few characters, then you can use the Mac Character Viewer/Palette.
Keyboard Utilities
For longer texts, it’s best to activate one of the Mac Mac keyboard utilities. Both Modern Greek and Polytonic options are available.
The sites below have additional information specific to Greek
Mobile
iPhone/iPad
iOS devices include a Monotonic Greek keyboard, but a user needs to either install a separate keyboard app or use a physical Bluetooth keyboard which has more options.
iOS does include the right fonts to display Polytonic Greek.
Droid
Although there are apps for typing basic Greek letters, full Polytonic Greek display and typing does not appear to be well supported.
Test Sites
If you have your browser configured correctly, the Web sites above should display
the correct characters. If you have difficulties, see list below for font
and browser configuration instructions.
- Modern Greek – Kalimera Ellada TV Show
- Polytonic Greek –Tufts Perseus, Herodatus The Histories
If these sites are not displaying correctly, see the Browser Setup page for set up information.
Web Development
Historical Encodings
Unicode (utf-8
) is the required encoding to correctly display Polytonic Greek and also the preferred encoding for Monotonic Greek.
Ancient and Modern Greek: utf-8
(Unicode)
However, the following older encodings for Monotonic Greek may be encountered.
- Older Encodings (Monotonic Only):
ELOT928
iso-8859-7
(=ELOT928
)win-1253
Language Codes
Language Tags allow browsers and other software to process Greek text more efficiently. The major language tags are:
el
(Modern Greek)grc
(Ancient Greek)
For specialized forms, the following codes are available:
cpg
(Cappadocian Greek)pnt
(Pontic)
(Tsakonian)tsd
(Yevanic/Judeo-Greek)yej
gmy
(Mycenaean Greek)xmk
(Ancient Macedonian Greek)
Using Unicode Escape Characters
If you wish to input a word or short phrase, you can use Unicode entity codes. See
the Unicode Greek Block Codes page for details.
Links
Greek Script in General
- Physlink.Com
– Just the basic Greek alphabet - Ancient Scripts Greek
Alphabet – Shows alphabet with both ancient and modern pronunciations - Greek Language and
Linguistics Gateway – Shows alphabet with modern (Hellenistic) pronunciations.
Fonts
- New Athena Unicode (Greek Keys) – includes the full Coptic and math symbols
- Cardo – Includes phonetic symbols, Hebrew and Windows keyboard utility
- Gentium – Includes phonetic symbols
- Linux Libertine – Especially useful for TeX and LaTeX document
- Ellopos.Net Font Listing
Typing Greek
GreekKeys 2015 (Mac/Windows) – Utilities for typing characters beyond standard Polytonic Greek
Windows
Macintosh
Linux
- Greek Keys OS X Keyboard Utilities
- Hellenic Resources Network How to
Read E-Mail in Greek – Mostly focused on Modern Greek - Linux Classical Greek Keyboard Download
- Typing Greek in Linux
- Typing Greek Letters Easily in Linux
Web Development Tips
- Greek and Mathematical Symbols for HTML – Use for inserting isolated Greek letters and words.
- Stoa.org Unicode and Greek Guide
- Russell Cottrell Unicode Polytonic Greek
- Advanced topics on Computing in Greek – Includes encoding tables and some general computing utilities.
- ISO-8859-7
vs Windows-1253 – For Modern Greek Web developers on a Windows platform.