Design of Systems

When designing a system, it is best to start by asking a few basic questions such as “what is the system in this particular scenario,” “what is the goal of the system,” and “what is the surrounding environment of the system.”  These questions must be asked before any proper and effective system can be created.  As Wikipedia says, “systems design is the process of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements.”  These different parts of a system all must be obtained before the project at hand can be finished, so they must be properly engineered to  enhance the system.  Since the design of a system is closely related to the design process, it is vital to brainstorm the potential solutions.  If the system does not satisfy all of the requirements, then it must be redesigned, so it is best to list all of the requirements for the system to have before actually beginning the design process.  After all of the questions have been asked and all of the requirements have been listed, it is time to design the system.  The design of a system takes every individual piece and combines them into an efficient final product.  The final system will be able to be used effectively in its proper environment (it would be ridiculous to build a house made out of wood in the tornado alley, but it could have potential use in a calm environment).  Every system is unique in some small way, so the design of systems plays a vital role in its success.  When Henry Ford designed the assembly line, his system worked perfectly under the preexisting conditions.  He obtained great wealth and supplied the average American family with a Model-T.  The design of systems is a dynamic part of modern life due to what it has already accomplished and what will be created through it.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_design

http://www.dubberly.com/articles/what-is-systems-design.html

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Digital Fabrication

Digital modeling and fabrication is defined as “a process that joins architecture with the construction industry through the use of 3D modeling software and CNC machines.” (Wikipedia)  The use of these two concepts can generate 3D objects straight from a computer screen into the real world.  This process can be used to test the accuracy of the computer program.  Since it requires software and the physical computer numerical control to work in tandem with one another, it is obvious that both of the systems are highly advanced.  The ability to take an object in the digital world and create a physical copy of it is an important innovative technique.  Many objects such parts of buildings, interchangeable parts, or various tools are just a few examples among many other potential applications for 3D printing.  If the concept of 3D printing can be perfected, then it would grow the manufacturing industry greatly. 

In order for the concept of 3D printing to be complete, there must be a way to capture the entire image that you want to scan.  If you wish to duplicate a preexisting object that does not also have a 3D design in a compatible drafting program, then one needs to be imported.  This can be an issue since only one camera cannot detect the top and bottom or an object.  It is also quite difficult to get complete scan of an object.  In many cases, scans of complex hours can take days to complete, and they might not even by complete.  In order to perfect 3D scanning, better technology must be created that can capture every vector of the object that needs to be scanned.  This could be accomplished by either having a vertically and horizontally rotating camera or by using multiple cameras.  It is also quite difficult for some objects to stay on the surface of rotation.  In 3D scanning, it is vital to have a closed object without any digital flaws in the drafting program.  If the object (while it may be solid in the real world) contains holes in the drafting program, it will be impossible to replicate exactly.  A person who is fluent in computer drafting must then fix the image so it is an accurate reflection of the scanned object.  This can be incredibly difficult and time consuming depending on the object.  These problems are some of the major reasons why 3D printing is not commonly applied in the manufacturing process so far.  Once some of these kinks are worked out, it has potential to become an incredibly powerful tool.

With advanced 3D printing, architects can generate complex designs that can actually be created in mass production.  Some objects are too time consuming to repeatedly create by hand, so that is when 3D printing would be most effective.  Eventually, 3D printing could commonly be used all across the world for many various outputs.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_modeling_and_fabrication

http://www.economist.com/topics/digital-fabrication

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing

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The Calculations of Calculators

On many occasions, people overlook the value of the calculator.  As is the case with many new graphing calculators, the amount of knowledge stored in them exceeds the average American’s intelligence.  Many people do not recognize the significance of such a powerful instrument; they do not know how to graph basic cubic functions or calculate values by using the Taylor series.

Many modern day Americans do not realize that the slide rule (for the greater part of the 20th century) was the main instrument of calculation.  Calculators are a rather recent innovation that has changed the face of math forever.  It is no longer necessary to solve complex functions since a calculator can do that for you. Many Americans are neglecting to learn how to do calculus since “it is not important” or “it is too hard.”  The truth is that math is not hard, and it is not necessary to carry your graphing calculator with you at all times just in case a basic addition problem decides to jump into the fray.  It is indeed possible to live without the calculator, yet it makes life so much easier.  When asked to graph an unknown function, (as long as it is parametrized correctly) it is possible and entirely likely to use a graphing calculator.

The calculator is actually a piece of highly advanced circuitry.  Since “the button compresses a rubber pad below it, which in turn pushes an electrical wire into contact with another one,” a circuit is created between the two parts.  (lifeslittlemysteries)  The calculator operates on binary code, so every signal sent is coded by a specific set of 1s and 0s.  Of course the calculator must have a battery in order to run (or four in the case of graphing calculators).  Some small calculators are run by solar energy and some are users of precharged batteries.  Calculators are incredibly beneficial to society, but we must not forget the math that was used to create them.

http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/other-gadgets/calculator.htm

http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/1408-how-calculators-calculate.html

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Modern Trains

When many people in the United States think of trains, they think of old fashioned steam locomotives.  Americans do not travel on trains as much as Europeans or the Japanese do.  This is simply because cars are the predominant mode of transportation here.  There are two main types of trains: passenger and freight trains.  Each of these types serve a unique purpose and work, whether obviously or behind the scenes, to ensure the happiness of people worldwide.

High speed trains can traverse 350 miles in 2.5 hours as demonstrated by the short video that can be found here: (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTn7d4KJqx8).  High speed rail is able to diminish the amount of carbon emission by four or five times the amount of an equivalent trip travelled in a car or plane.  Since record breaking speeds of 357 miles per hour have been reached and progress is continuing, soon high speed trains will dominate Europe and Asia in its entirety.  High speed rail connects people with their destination in a quick and efficient way that is currently unparalleled with the exception of aviation.  Because high speed trains are not forced to wait for 30 or 45 minutes to unload, people can arrive at destinations faster than real time flight would let them arrive at.  Train tickets are incredibly cheap in comparison to plane tickets or the gas spent to drive a car.

Freight trains are a hidden aspect of the modern world.  While they do not receive very much attention, they are critical to the wellbeing of people worldwide.  It is incredibly important that goods can be transported through every country, and freight trains happen to be one of the cheapest solutions.  Because they are currently incapable of the glorious feats of the high speed trains, they do not share in the fame of the modern train era.  They are essential to the transportation of goods on a global scale.  As freight train technology increases, so will the amount of weight the train can haul and the speed that it can travel at.  This will open up many more doors, so freight trains will potentially be able to use high speed railways in the future.

 

 

http://www.history.com/shows/modern-marvels/videos/3-things-you-didnt-know-about-freight-trains#three-things-you-didnt-know-about-milk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTn7d4KJqx8

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_rail_transport

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Service Systems

In many cases, service systems are designed in order to provide a ready solution to a problem via different locations.  A service system is defined as “a configuration of technology and organizational networks designed to deliver services that satisfy the needs, wants, or aspirations of customers (Wikipedia).”  Some readily available service stations include but are not limited to gasoline pumps and wi-fi in restaurants.

Each of these service systems are designed about a certain use case.  Since the usage of cars is a continuously growing field and cars require gasoline, there needed to be an adequate solution for the problem of how to refuel a car.  I’m sure the idea of buying gas at a store came up during the design process, and that led to the convenience stores that also contain gasoline pumps.  This is a simple way to refuel the car while on the go, and it does not create the hazard of carrying a container of gasoline with you. If you happened to be in an accident, then you and the other driver would explode fairly quickly if the exposed gas container was hit.  A fuel service system is a very popular solution as demonstrated by Wawa and Sheetz.

Wi-fi is another growing industry that needed to be addressed.  Since more and more people are using smartphones to communicate and the internet is a universal network requiring access to an internet connection server, restaurants and convenience stores have implemented free wi-fi into their advertising campaigns.  While the profits from the actual restaurant are decreased through the usage of wi-fi, more people go to the restaurants or stop in at the convenience store in order to quickly browse the web on the go or communicate with others via internet connection.  This form of a service station allows for people on the go to access the internet quickly and without hassle.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_system

http://jsr.sagepub.com/content/13/1/96.full.pdf+html

http://www.opentext.com/2/global/services/services-consulting/services-consulting-system-design.htm

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Global Engineering

The most innovative generations are not only able to develop cutting edge technology and enhance the international engineering framework; they are also able to impart their wisdom to future generations to ensure a dynamic future for that country’s engineering program.  The key to development is all found within the confines of the human brain.  Without proper training and a certain degree of intelligence, a college student will not be able to be an effective engineer.  The heart of the engineering program lies within the educational system that the young engineers are exposed to.  The United States leads the world in top engineering schools (Timeshighereducation).  Since the United States exclusively owns the top five engineering schools and many more within the top 15, it is safe to say that the United States is training students well in order for them to enter the workforce.   It is also important to note that China’s first school is ranked number 28, and the United Kingdom (while its schools are far superior to schools in Germany or Spain) does not have the innovation of Germany.  I found that Germany’s first school was ranked 43rd on the charts.  For a country that is renowned for its high class engineering, this greatly surprised me.  While I suppose that the Germans do not exclusively go to school in Germany, I expected them to have at least two highly ranked universities.

The most successful monetary engineering firm in the world as of 2011 is stationed in Australia.  Their highest ranked university is number 25, which is amusing since they are obviously better than that.  Any school system that can produce an engineering firm with a net worth of 200 million dollars higher than the highest ranked American firm is pretty good.  While the United States does accept thousands of international students into their universities, it seems as if the United States should have an overwhelming advantage in innovation and design.  The fact that there are more firms from the United States in the top 15 by an overwhelming margin implies that the engineers are spread out so that each firm, while all of their engineers are very talented, is a competent and productive firm.  Most of the other countries listed only have one or two successful firms in the top 30; this is due to a few factors.  The primary factor is that there is a smaller demand for trained engineers in Bolivia or other smaller countries than in the United States since the United States is geared towards innovation and Bolivia is not.  There are also more people in the United States that tend to be more outspoken about needs and what products could be potentially beneficial.  There are also less funds going to education programs, less students, and less potential jobs in Bolivia.  The United States is blessed with its superior universities and funding.

All across the globe, engineers are trained to make life easier and more productive.  The engineers around the world are all working to perfect the same goals (sustainable energy, better communication technology, more enhanced forms of existing products, etc…).  It depends on the country and their communications with other countries whether or not the engineers interact with each other to design a product.  The United States and North Korea do not associate with each other from an engineering standpoint since North Korea is a hostile threat, but the United States gladly cooperates with Great Britain, Germany, Spain, and other allies.  This cooperation develops many products that benefit people all over the world, and through this interaction, the world becomes more and more technologically advanced.

http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2011-12/subject-ranking/subject/engineering-and-it

http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-innovations/what-we-really-need-to-fear-about-china/2011/09/14/gIQAPrMy0K_story.html

http://enr.construction.com/toplists/InternationalDesignFirms/001-100.asp

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Benchmarking

Benchmarking is the process of comparing one product to the other leading products on the market.  Companies constantly benchmark in order to know where they stand compared to the competition.  Benchmarking drives production and design; if there was no competition between the companies, then there would be no need to innovate and design more efficient products.  Since benchmarking lets a company know what the current best product is, it a key part of the design process. 

Benchmarking is not difficult to do, but it can be time consuming.  In order to know what features to add to a certain product, one must first have a complete understanding of the competition and their features.  If the leading competitor in smartphones does not have the latest and greatest nanotechnology, battery system, or design specifications, then there is an opportunity for another company to pass them.  That company could belong to you.  If you develop a slimmer and lighter phone with a larger touch screen and a more responsive virtual touch screen, your product will obviously be able to beat out the competition.  If you release an inferior product compared to the leading design, you will not maximize your profit.

Benchmarking is not a one-time deal.  Since technology is constantly expanding and expectations are constantly improving, it is completely illogical to stop benchmarking after a certain point.  The second a company stops benchmarking is the second that they are blind to the competition and the new product expectations.  If a company stops benchmarking during development and the competition develops a new product, then there is no way to know if the company’s product will be able to survive on the market.  A company that doesn’t benchmark is a company that is destined for ruin.  That company would be the equivalent of a driver speeding down a highway with a blindfold on; there is no way to know if they will crash and burn or get lucky and survive.

http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/initiati/benchmk/index.htm

http://management.about.com/cs/benchmarking/a/Benchmarking.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benchmarking

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Concept Testing

There are a few main ways by which a company can test a concept to see if it will be successful on the market.  Through “field surveys, personal interviews and focus groups,” the company can determine if the designed product will be popular and effective while on the market (Wikipedia).  Field surveys are simply surveys in which people are asked their opinions on the product that is being designed.  Personal interviews deal with the one-on-one aspect of the survey.  This is a verbal survey where the company asks the person a series of questions pertaining to the product, and then the person who is being interviewed responds and provides insight and innovative ideas that will enhance the product.  A focus group is just a large group interview.  The company talks with a group of people at once and potential designs are created by bouncing ideas off of a typically diverse group of people. 

                There are three main types of concept testing at a quantitative level.  Concept Screening Tests are the first form of testing.  When product ideas are “visually or verbally presented to the consumer and then quantitatively evaluated by consumers to measure degrees of concept believability, personal relevance, purchase intent, likelihood of trial, and similar indicators of product potential,” the customers have a direct say in the creation of the product.  This is usually accomplished by one of the processes outlined in the previous paragraph. 

Positioning is the second type of testing that companies use to review potential design concepts.  Positioning is when two or more products in the same project tier (the I Phone 5 and the I Phone 4s) are compared side by side by the consumer in order to determine the strengths and weaknesses of each.  This helps the company determine whether or not the new product will be able to hold its own, beat out the competition, or flop. 

The third type is the Pre-Market Concept Testing which is the comparison of one product with a competitor on the market.  One example of this would be the I Phone 5 and the Samsung Galaxy 2.  Samsung might ask some customers to compare and contrast the two phones and say what they would change in order to make the Galaxy a better phone.  Concept Testing is incredibly important in any product’s development; without it, companies would have no way of knowing how the public would react to the product.

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_testing

http://www.aboutsurveys.com/category/concept-testing/

http://www.powerdecisions.com/concept-testing.cfm#.UJM90MXA8eE

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Consumer Needs

Consumer needs mainly depend on the person and the item they are buying.  It can be defined as “a consumer’s desire for a product category’s specific benefit on a functional or emotional level during a specific time or situation” (24kmarketing).  If the user of a good (chocolate in this example) is about to sit down and eat some chocolate, does he want the chocolate to taste spicy?  No.  No he does not.  This is because he has a need for sweet, tasty milk chocolate. When a consumer looks at a product on the market, a few simple ideas enter his mind.  The product must be able to maximize the person’s utility as well as present an aesthetic and ergonomic solution to the problem that the person is facing. 

Cited: autographeur.com

If someone’s vacuum breaks down and they need to buy a new one, a few consumer needs quickly spark to life.  Questions such as will this vacuum clean my carpet effectively and efficiently, how loud will this new vacuum be, and how expensive will this vacuum cost are some of the problems that a future shopper would face.  In order to buy the vacuum, these consumer needs must be met.  If the vacuum does not fully clean the carpet, then it would be a waste of time, energy, and money to buy and use it. 

Consumer needs vary from person to person; there are many different types of people with different desires and monetary funding.  If two people want to buy a car (one is a gang leader and the other is a middle class civilian), then they will have two completely different goals in a car.  The gang leader is looking for the coolest and fastest new car whereas the middle class civilian will probably be looking to buy a used car that can take them to and from work without breaking down.  A teenager would just want to get a car regardless of condition or style, but it would have to be cheap. 

Consumer needs drive the global economy; without needs, no one buys anything.  This means that companies must pander to the needs of the consumer in order to stay in business.  They do this by researching market trends and creating surveys for people to complete.  If a company can successfully target a certain market, then they will initiate a potentially long lasting success story.  Companies like Hersey and BMW are able to be successful because they know what the consumer wants, and they can make that consumer happy through the use of their products. 

http://autographeur.com/

http://www.ehow.com/about_6668278_consumer-needs_.html

http://24kmarketing.com/2011/02/what-is-consumer-need.html

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Innovation / Concept Generation

Contrary to popular opinion, the first step in the innovation process is to define the problem at hand.  Of course it seems easy just to dive into the creation of viable solutions, but it is always important to define the actual dilemma.  This makes it easier moving forward because you will not run the risk of straying from the task at hand and potentially making the problem worse.  After the problem is defined, the restraints and primary goals must be established.  In order to fix a problem, you first must know what to fix; then you must figure out how to fix it.  The goals are simply the desirable aspects of the final product that need to be created through the design process.  These simple parameters are needed to gain a complete understanding of the task at hand.

Cited: Squakki.com

                After the problem has been defined, the concept generation begins.  It is not possible to define potential solutions to the problem.  Engineers accomplish this in various ways such as brainstorming, surveys, and research.  In order to produce the best solution, one must build off of the preexisting concepts.  The evolution of an idea is mostly the result of collaboration.

                After the solution has been developed, the company has a few choices.  The product could go to the market or be rejected.  If the product is put on the market, the next step is to determine whether or not to keep it on the market.  One example of this was the Microsoft Kin.  This windows phone lasted only 48 days on the market.  Due to terrible sales and the financial loss that ensued, Kin production ceased on a global scale before it was introduced outside of the USA.  Even though it was accepted by the company and put on the market, it ended in rejection since it was pulled from the market.  The converse of this also can happen.  If a product is initially deemed unworthy by the company, after some retouching and brainstorming it could reach the market.  The consequences of the product are then measured.  If the firm lost money, then the project is marked as a failure; if they gained money or popularity then it is a success.

 

http://www.sqakki.com/InnovationProcess/

http://innovateonpurpose.blogspot.com/2010/08/innovation-does-not-start-with-idea.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Kin

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