The History of Television

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Australia was introduced to television well before New Zealand. In 1953, the Television Act created a national public service, ABC-TV, and approved issuing licenses for commercial stations. Early Australian television broadcast a number of important shows. One of these was Melbourne Tonight , which debuted on May 6, 1956. A prevalent man in Australia pop culture, Graham Kennedy, hosted the program. He continued to host this extremely popular variety show until 1975, when the Australian Broadcasting Control Board banned Kennedy from broadcasting live, claiming that he had used inappropriate language on live television. The variety show emulated aspects of the U.S. television legend Johnny Carson’s Tonight Show . Another important early television show was entitled Four Corners . Modeled after a highly successful BBC program called Panorama , it was a public affairs program. Since there was no national newspaper at that time, it was a primary source for major national issues. It touched upon political issues.

During the earliest years of television in Australia, American series and movies dominated almost 80 percent of the schedule, alongside British television. Even when Australian television produced its own materials, sets, and shows, they frequently mimicked either U.S. or British video production models.

In New Zealand, the first non-experimental television reached New Zealand in 1960, later than many parts of the world. It was an expensive medium for a small country, and our uneven terrain made it difficult to get a clear signal to some areas. At first there were four regional stations which shared programs. They were combined as one national network in 1969. When Neil Armstrong walked on the moon in that year, an estimated 1.5 million New Zealanders watched the event on television.

Today, despite the challenge of the internet and computer gaming, the ‘box’ remains a major source of family entertainment, a key medium for news, sports coverage and advertising, and a powerful cultural and social institution for both Australia and New Zealand.

Sources:
http://www.pressreference.com/A-Be/Australia.html#ixzz3LnlHbtXI
http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/tv-history
http://www.nzonscreen.com/static/history_of_tv

Newspaper Circulation in Australia and New Zealand

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Australia and New Zealand both have nearly perfect literacy rates. Therefore, it is no surprise that newspapers are a big part of their media culture. Although the world is in the midst of a digital age, newspapers are still prevalent in these two countries despite circulation declines.

The largest newspaper in Australia is the Herald Sun. It is owned and published by properties owned by Rupert Murdoch’s, News Corp. It is a tabloid newspaper with a circulation of over 500,000 people. The second largest is the tabloid Daily Telegraph of New South Wales, published by Mirror Australia Telegraph Publications, also a News Corp company. Its average circulation is 412,000. Third is The Sydney Morning Herald, published by John Fairfax Publications with a circulation of 223,000.

In New Zealand, daily newspapers are numerous in relation to population size. As of the early 2000s, there were 26 daily newspapers, of which 18 were evening papers, nearly all of them published in provincial towns and cities. Of the eight morning daily newspapers, the Auckland-based New Zealand Herald had the largest circulation of about 200,000 copies daily.

On an average day, more than 1.7 million New Zealanders over the age of 10 read a newspaper. New Zealanders spend approximately $4.0 million per week on their daily newspapers, including Sunday papers. There are also a significant number of a afternoon newspapers, which is against the international trend shifting to morning newspapers in order not to conflict with popular evening newscasts.

As you can see, newspapers are a key aspect of the media systems in both Australia and New Zealand. This is a direct reflection on nearly perfect literacy rates in each of these countries. I predict steady decline in newspapers, however, because it is slowly becoming easier to view news online via digital news publications and social media outlets like Facebook and Twitter.

Sources:

Fox Studio Australia

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Fox Studio Australia opened in 1998 in Sydney, Australia. It is the only other Fox Studio outside of the United States. It is a major motion picture and television studio designed to produce blockbuster films. The studio features eight sound stages, production offices, workshops, retail shops, restaurants, theme parks, sporting facilities and entertainment venues. The entire grounds make up over an impressive 32 acres. The media conglomerate 21st Century Fox, which was created by Rupert Murdoch, owns Fox Studio Australia.

While we normally assume all major motion pictures are filmed in Hollywood, California, there are actually many notable American films that were filmed in Sydney. Some of these titles were quite surprising to me. Here are some popular films made at Fox Studio Australia:

-The Great Gatsby
-Superman Returns
-The Matrix
-Moulin Rouge
-Babe
-Star Wars Episode II and III

Many Australian versions of popular television shows are filmed at Fox Studio. These include:

-The Voice
-X Factor
-Australian Idol
-Minute to Win It

Before learning about Fox Studio Australia, I assumed Hollywood was the only place to film a movie on set. However, I was pleasantly surprised to know that Australia is home to a thriving entertainment production industry right in the heart of Sydney. While I was studying abroad, I had the opportunity to tour the grounds and it was really impressive. It was comparable to California’s, “Disney Land” or “Universal Studios.” I wouldn’t say it was as full scale as Orlando, Florida’s, Disney World, but it was certainly a place where you could spend a full day completely entertained with friends or family. With all of the attractions, there is so much to do and see while learning about the Australian film and television production industry at the same time. I loved how it was a fully-functioning studio as well as a theme park. While it seems as though Australia imports most of it’s media, they also export many popular films and actors.

Source: http://www.foxstudiosaustralia.com

Is radio still important?

In New Zealand (and in most other countries) the amount of radio receivers is nearly equal to the amount of people in the population. But how many people listen to the radio to actually get their news?

In New Zealand, the number radio receivers doubles the amount of television sets, and nearly triples that of the number of computers. Theoretically, since nearly every person in the country has access to a radio, this would be the best way to get information out to the public, but is it? Think of the radio sitting in your bedroom, and the one in your living room, the portable radio you had to have as a kid, even the one in your kitchen if you have one – when was the last time you actually used it? Many people won’t be able to remember. In some homes, the only time a radio is used is to keep the dogs companies when the families go out – obviously, pets aren’t Radio New Zealand’s target audience. Also, nearly every car on the planet has some kind of radio installed, so everyone driving somewhere should be listening to the radio, but again, they aren’t. In today’s world, most people have their mobile devices attached to their car’s speakers and simply stream the music off of their phone. To many younger consumers, the only radio they use is actually “Internet Radio” (Pandora, for example), and if they needed a news update, many would pull over and check Twitter or some other news source from their phone before even thinking to turn on the radio to get an update. Many commuters find that they aren’t even listening to the audio if they are tuned into a radio station; they are simply using it for background noise.

Alternatively, many people rely on traffic and weather reports throughout the work day, especially on their commutes to and from work; it is the most convenient way to get updates, but many people are only paying attention to their radios for the small period of time that they need to be, and then zone out or change the channel once they have gotten the information they need.

There may be millions of radio receivers out there, but a very limited amount of people are actually using them to obtain their news. Since the introduction of mobile internet, radio has been slowly becoming phased out. Many people will always go to a computer or their mobile device to get a news update or listen to music. That all being said, radio still is, and will remain for long time, a very reliable, and simple way to obtain information and entertainment.

 

Links:  http://www.pressreference.com/Ma-No/New-Zealand.html

Internet censorship in Australia

After five years of debate, the Australian government abandoned a plan to censor websites, likely filtering out certain parts of a webpage that contained certain keywords that are deemed inappropriate for the public. Now, the plan has changed to simply blocking offensive websites that are on a “blacklist”.

In theory, this was a good system; since the media would only be monitored (and then blocked, if necessary) after a formal complaint had been received. However, the question still stands; can a country truly be considered free if its people are denied access to certain websites and information? Many people may not like the idea that ‘big brother is watching’. Many people feel safe behind the screen of their computers, and now there will always be worry that someone is watching everything that you are doing from behind the scenes. The idea behind this is actually pretty scary; to be incredibly dramatic – you may not be safe in the comfort of your own home. In reality, however, most of these URLs contained child pornography, so to the vast majority of the population will not ever visit, know of, or miss these sites.

While the ethicality of the internet filter was questionable, most people never needed to be worried about it in the first place. And since it is no longer an issue, 99% of people do not need to worry about it and can feel safe on the internet once more.

Links:  http://www.theage.com.au/it-pro/security-it/acma-extends-cyber-security-to-infected-network-devices-20141128-11vvbx.html

http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-11-09/government-abandons-plans-for-internet-filter/4362354

Freedom of the Press in Australia

The Australian Press Council is a private organization which goal is to monitor all press publications – as well as those who create them – so that the freedom of the press can remain. In Australia, the government is not allowed to step in and filter which news that news organizations can release to the public. Australian journalists are ethically responsible to give the people full, unbiased news, and are obligated to provide both sides of a story.

Freedom of the press is a crucial component of any democratic government. In the benefit of public interest, journalists and news organizations need to be able to fully inform those who are obtaining the information. If readers are refused the ability to have all of the facts behind a story, how can they form a true, educated opinion on the issue? If a governing body decides what information the people can have access to, they would immediately be stripping their people of their natural right. The APC is a key part of one of the most important media structures in the world; for centuries, people have been getting most of their information from press sources.

The press should be trusted, the people should not have be concerned with the idea that their government it keeping some information from them, and fortunately, because of the APC, Australian people will never have to worry about this.

 

Links:  http://www.presscouncil.org.au/charter-of-press-freedom/

Australian news censorship

Australia is one of few countries that have an organization dedicated to filtering out media and ensuring it is safe for all consumers to obtain. The Australian Communications and Media Authority monitors complaints about prohibited content, investigates the issue, and “prosecutes those who willfully break the laws”.

The ACMA only steps in if a consumer has a complaint with the content on any media platform (print, online, etc.). According to the ACMA website they should “first contact the station in question directly; if after 60 days the consumer has not received a response or they are unhappy with the response they are given, they may contact the ACMA directly, who will then personally investigate the issue. While Australia may not have as much freedom (to put out essentially whatever information they want) as the United States, this is still a pretty efficient and effective plan that ensures the safety of the people, and still does not actually limit their ability to obtain information.

Think of the ACMA as an editor, if an issue is presented to them, they will look further into the issue, fact-check it to ensure there is no misinformation being presented, and then makes the necessary changes so that it is again appropriate for all viewers.

Links:

http://www.theage.com.au/it-pro/security-it/acma-extends-cyber-security-to-infected-network-devices-20141128-11vvbx.html

http://www.acma.gov.au/

 

Has online news taken over?

The internet is becoming increasingly popular in Australia. Studies have shown that one fifth of Australians would choose to sacrifice a meal over their internet privileges; the internet is considered to be its own crucial home-utility.

In the past, newspapers were the preferred source of news and information for many Australians. In recent years, due to the rapid increase in popularity of the internet, many newspapers have added online versions of their newspapers in order to remain profitable and also to appeal to the younger audiences who are more attracted to digital media. Digital media has become such a key factor in distributing information that much of many organization’s profits come from the use electronic media.

Cleary there is an intense demand for both electronic and print media, but in considering the growth of the internet, will the online news eventually become the primary source of information? Will print media eventually become phased out?

Links:

http://www.news.com.au/technology/how-the-internet-is-more-important-to-australians-than-eating-and-drinking/story-e6frfro0-1225896788512

http://www.pressreference.com/A-Be/Australia.html

Freedom of the Press in Australia and New Zealand

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While both the governments in Australia and New Zealand claim to have “Freedom of the Press,” a clear lack of diversity within each country’s media system hinders journalistic freedom.

In Australia, journalists are guaranteed freedom of information, opinion and expression under the Australian Human Rights Commission. This includes the right to hold opinions without interface and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas.

The Australian media system is highly monopolized. For example, two newspaper groups, News Limited and John Fairfax Holdings, control and account for 90% of the circulation of daily newspapers.

In New Zealand, the Bill of Rights Act of 1990 protects journalistic freedom of expression. However, there is a lack of diversity within New Zealand’s media system as well. For example, in 2012, each of the major metropolitan areas in the country only had one daily newspaper that was dominated by one of two companies: Fairfax Media and APN News and Media.

In addition to a lack of diversity, New Zealand’s media system is largely imported from overseas. Both of the previous corporations mentioned are from Australia.

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According to the World Press Freedom Index of 2014, New Zealand is ranked 9th in the world while Australia trails behind at 28th. To view a more comprehensive map of where Australia and New Zealand rank within the world, please click the following link: http://rsf.org/index2014/en-index2014.php.

The problem with media system monopolization in both countries is that self-censorship can occur. Many editors and journalists feel an indirect pressure to take into account interests of their publishers. This can affect agenda setting, priming and framing of society in each perspective country.

Sources:
https://www.humanrights.gov.au/freedom-information-opinion-and-expression

http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/media-and-politics/page-1

http://rsf.org/index2014/en-index2014.php

Subscription Television Dominance in Australia and New Zealand

Pay television, or subscribing to channels via cable and satellite TV, is quite popular in both Australia and New Zealand. Similar to subscription providers in the United States like Time Warner Cable or Comcast, providers issue a monthly fee to their customers in order to permit access to certain television channels.

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In Australia, a company called Foxtel dominates the subscription television industry. It was founded in 1995 and provides programming to nearly 70% of Australian homes, monopolizing direct broadcast satellite television for the entire country. It was formed in 1995 through a joint venture between News Corp (Fox) and Telstra (hence, the name Fox+Tel).

Foxtel Website: http://www.foxtel.com.au/default.htm

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In New Zealand, Sky Television is the largest pay television platform in the country. The company is relatively new, founded as late as 1987. The whole concept of a pay television service in New Zealand was new. Due to it’s novelty, Sky had several early problems such as viewer acceptance and education. Sky had difficulty educating retailers and customers on their idea, despite Foxtel’s growing popularity in Australia. The solution to these problems was found with simple and easy equipment and software.

Sky Website: http://www.skytv.co.nz

Both Foxtel and Sky share many similar features. Visually, they have very similar remotes and electronic program guides. Methodically, they both monopolize their respective countries by dominating the market. Imagine if Time Warner Cable was the only subscription television provider in the United States. They would ultimately have the final say on what channels they provide, which in turn limits what channels the public is viewing. Although both Foxtel and Sky offer many features at a price, these systems hold the power to limit media access.

Sources:
http://www.pressreference.com/A-Be/Australia.htmlhttp://www.foxtel.com.au/default.htm
http://www.skytv.co.nz