The Hidden Cost of MRO Failures

By Saurabh Bansal📧, V. Daniel R. Guide📧, Sergey Naumov📧Kusumal Ruamsook📧 and Steve Tracey📧

White paper, July 2023

Maintenance, repair, and operations (MRO) items are critical components of enterprise asset maintenance.  While MRO items do not become part of or are central to the finished product, they are necessary to keep plant and facility assets operating safely at optimal levels of performance.  Companies spend between 5 and 10 percent of their cost of goods sold on MRO purchases.  However, we are not interested in these direct and visible costs of MRO, but rather in something less apparent and potentially more sinister.  We are interested in the hidden costs when MRO parts are not available, and assets must be retired—what we call an MRO failure.  When an asset can no longer be repaired, then it must be replaced, and these costs are largely hidden since they may not be directly reported.  To further an understanding on these issues, an on-line survey was conducted during October–December, 2022.  Our objective is to get insights into how firms manage their capital assets lifecycles.  Specifically, the survey seeks to provide clarity about the causes of three asset retirement circumstances, namely prior to full depreciation, after depreciation but before the end of its useful life, and after the asset’s useful life.  This report presents the findings from the survey study.

View full paper here.


Suggested citation

Bansal, Saurabh, V. Daniel R. Guide, Sergey Naumov, Kusumal Ruamsook, and Steve Tracey. 2023. “The Hidden Cost of MRO Failures: Industry Survey Sheds Light on Reasons for Early Retirement of Capital Asset.” White paper, Center for Supply Chain Research® (CSCR®), The Pennsylvania State University, in collaboration with Ivaldi and SDI.

Remastering Supply Chain Compression in Virtual 3D: Exploring the Potentials of 3D Virtual Technology Applications

By Steve Tracey📧 and Kusumal Ruamsook📧 

White paper, February 2023

Contemporary supply chains have become more comprehensive as a result of economic globalization, and increased product and service complexity driven by ever-increasing consumer demand and expectations. Rising against this backdrop is the importance of supply chain compression. While compression-based exploits can be pursued across supply chain processes, doing so in the new product development (NPD) stage can provide a great opportunity to realize the value of compression strategies. An emerging trend in the strive for rapid innovation is the transition from traditional innovation models that were local, physical, sequential, and product-centric to one that is more global, more virtual, more concurrent and iterate, and more customer- and experience-centric.  Under the new paradigm, 3D virtual prototyping (VP) technologies—enhanced by the advancement of extended reality (XR) techniques that includes virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR)—have garnered attention in various industries for their potentials to enable NPD compressions. Despite its promises, VP technology applications under the new NPD model are still nascent and the technology itself continues to evolve.  To offer a better understanding in this area, this white paper introduces the concept of supply chain compression (SCC), provides an overview of the fundamental differences between conventional and new concurrent NPD models, and discusses potential applications of XR-enhanced VP techniques in NPD activities and resulting compression-induced business values.

View full paper here.


Suggested citation

Tracey, Steve, and Kusumal Ruamsook. 2023. “Remastering Supply Chain Compression in Virtual 3D: Exploring the Potentials of 3D Virtual Technology Applications.” White paper, Center for Supply Chain Research® (CSCR®), The Pennsylvania State University.

The Evolutionary Nexus of Supply Chain and Corporate Branding in Retail

By Steve Tracey📧 and Kusumal Ruamsook📧 

White paper, January 2023

A major shift in the focus of branding has occurred in the last two decades. Traditionally, brands were associated with products, and consumers purchasing the products were often unaware of the company behind them. Today, a growing number of companies place greater emphasis on corporate brands and corporate-dominant brand architecture as a means to navigate the competitive and hyperconnected market environment. Indeed, built and nurtured effectively, a corporate brand can provide a foundation for differentiation that is not as easy to imitate, and can bestow cohesiveness across global markets and broadening sales channels in the digital commerce era. In line with the momentum towards corporate branding, the applicability and importance of corporate brands as valuable assets has been increasingly espoused in the retail sector. We observe that supply chain management, especially the distribution and logistics elements, has risen to become the forefront apparatus in retail branding strategies. Indeed, the roles of fulfillment and last-mile logistics are expanding beyond the crucial enabler of brand promises delivery to be an extension of the retailer brand itself. The paper provides a conceptual lens of strategic corporate branding that lays the foundational understanding of corporate brand–supply chain nexus in cultivating an authentic corporate brand.  Additionally, the paper brings to light how distribution and logistics are revolutionizing corporate branding strategies in the retail sector.  Examining Amazon as a best-in-class example, we discuss how this powerhouse retailer brand leverages the power of effectively crafted supply chain processes in enhancing the authenticity and value of its brand.

View full paper here.


Suggested citation

Tracey, Steve, and Kusumal Ruamsook. 2023. “The Evolutionary Nexus of Supply Chain and Corporate Branding in Retail.” White paper, Center for Supply Chain Research® (CSCR®), The Pennsylvania State University.

Blockchain Fundamentals and Enterprise Applications [Full Paper: Parts 1 and 2]

By Steve Tracey📧 and Kusumal Ruamsook📧

White paper, Parts 1 and 2, August 2022

Motivated by one of CSCR® recent collaborative research initiatives with GoChain as our highly regarded partner in the enterprise and government blockchain solutions, CSCR® developed a two-part white paper that explores blockchain technology and its enterprise applications.  Given the novelty of the technology, this full white paper, a consolidation of its two parts, explores blockchain technology from various perspectives—ranging from a bird-eye view, an evolutionary view, a “light” technical view, to an enterprise applications view.  With this white paper, the authors hope to bring researchers and business readers up to speed on the essential foundations about blockchain technology and its state of play in enterprise applications.  We hope that interested readers find the information herein a helpful starting point in the journey to bridge the boundaries between the prospects and beneficial realization of this promising technology.

View full paper here.


Suggested citation

Tracey, Steve, and Kusumal Ruamsook. 2022. “Blockchain Fundementals and Enterprise Applications.” White paper, Parts 1 and 2, Center for Supply Chain Research® (CSCR®), The Pennsylvania State University.

Blockchain Fundamentals and Enterprise Applications [Part 1]

By Steve Tracey📧 and Kusumal Ruamsook📧

White paper, Part 1, November 2021

Motivated by one of CSCR® recent collaborative research initiatives with GoChain as our highly regarded partner in the enterprise and government blockchain solutions, CSCR® developed a two-part white paper that explores blockchain technology and its enterprise applications.  Given the novelty of the technology, Part 1 of the paper explores blockchain technology from various perspectives—ranging from a bird-eye view, an evolutionary view, to a “light” technical view.  With this white paper, the authors hope to bring researchers and business readers up to speed on the essential foundations about blockchain technology, and pave a background understanding for Part 2 of the paper which will investigate its applications in supply chain management.

View full paper here.


Suggested citation

Tracey, Steve, and Kusumal Ruamsook. 2021. “Blockchain Fundementals and Enterprise Applications.” White paper, Part 1, Center for Supply Chain Research® (CSCR®), The Pennsylvania State University.

The Spectrum of Supply Chain Agility

By Steve Tracey📧, Kusumal Ruamsook📧 and Galen Smith

White paper, August 2021

In today’s increasingly competitive and turbulent business environment, agility has been widely recognized as one of the fundamental characteristics of forward-looking supply chains. While the appreciable attention towards supply chain agility (SCA) has been much discussed, attention to adoption is recently accelerating due to the COVID-19 pandemic crisis.  Indeed, the cultivation of agility in supply chains has become the central aspect of strategic moves required not only to foster resilience in the vulnerable and disruptive supply chains, but also to promote competitive advantages in the hyper-dynamic and competitive markets.  However, there remains a great deal of confusion around the concept of agility what it construes and, what its applications might look like.  Any endeavor to bring SCA into fruition would be seemingly impossible without this fundamental clarity.  Drawing on the authors’ research and experiences working with supply chain professionals in this area, this paper presents a conceptual foundation of SCA and describes the spectrum of SCA applications.  The purpose of this paper is to bring clarity to SCA conceptual lenses and call attention to the contextual factors in SCA applications for supply chain managers embarking on their journey towards SCA.

View full paper here.


Suggested citation

Tracey, Steve, Kusumal Ruamsook, and Galen Smith. 2021. “The Spectrum of Supply Chain Agility.” White paper, Center for Supply Chain Research® (CSCR®), The Pennsylvania State University, in collaboration with IBM.

The “Last Yard”: One Further Step in Making Sure that Customers’ Needs are Met

By John Langley, Jr.📧, Steve Tracey📧, Jim Owens, and Kusumal Ruamsook📧

Research Report, as part of 2019 23rd Annual Third-Party Logistics Study, 2018

The term “last mile” is commonly used today in the fields of logistics and supply chain management, and it generally refers to the final segment of a delivery process that spans from a point of fulfillment to the destination specified by a customer. However, the last mile doesn’t necessarily end when needed products are delivered at their designated destination addresses, but that value is created when those products are available at locations where they are needed within the customer organization. This year’s Annual 3PL Study explores some of the concepts and basic details pertaining to the last-yard logistics in addition to various other topics in the annual survey of users and providers of 3PL services. This report focuses on the special topic of “last yard” logistics. It presents findings from the study that explores the current understanding, challenges, and emerging practices. Such understanding is imperative to all logistics triads—sellers, buyers, and third-party logistics providers—since the capable execution of last-yard responsibilities will determine whether or not the customer’s needs are fully satisfied.

Download the full report from the publisher web site here.

Impacts of PA Proposal to Remove Sales and Use Tax Exemption on Commercial Warehousing and Storage Services

By Steve Tracey📧, John Langley Jr.📧, and Kusumal Ruamsook📧 (2017)

As part of the 2017–2018 budget proposal, the Governor of Pennsylvania has proposed to remove the sales and use tax (SUT) exemption for public warehousing and commercial storage businesses located in Pennsylvania.  A principal motivation for this proposal is to generate additional tax revenues for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.  While it is clear that the removal of this sales tax exemption would most certainly result in additional tax revenues for Pennsylvania, there are other relevant factors that must be considered in order to create an objective, balanced picture of the overall merits of this proposal.  The purpose of this white paper is to provide insight into a range of factors that are relevant to analyzing the net benefits to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania of removal of the sales tax exemption on commercial warehousing and storage services.

View the white paper here.


Suggested citation

Tracey, Steve, John Langley Jr., and Kusumal Ruamsook. 2017. “Impacts of PA Proposal to Remove Sales and Use Tax Exemption on Commercial Warehousing and Storage Services.” White paper, Center for Supply Chain Research® (CSCR®), The Pennsylvania State University.

MRO Evolution: Part 2 – MRO Integration Survey

By Steve Tracey📧 and Kusumal Ruamsook📧 (2016)

MRO that has long been viewed as low-impact, low-dollar expenditures is increasingly recognized as an opportunity for the indirect value chain to lower costs and enable operational performance.  Leading companies are now shifting away from the back-office management mentality to integrated MRO management that facilitates operational excellence, while optimizing total cost of ownership.

In the part 1 of the MRO evolution whitepaper series, we provide an overview of MRO value chain, discuss how management practices are changing, and observe the role of third-party MRO service providers amid this development.  In the part 2, findings from an online survey of 171 practitioners across a wide range of industries and company sizes are presented.

View full paper here


Suggested citation

Tracey, Steve, and Kusumal Ruamsook. 2016. “MRO Evolution: Part 2 – MRO Integration Survey.” White paper, Center for Supply Chain Research® (CSCR®), The Pennsylvania State University.

MRO Evolution: Part 1 – Overview of Management Practices and the Role of Outsourcing

By Steve Tracey📧 and Kusumal Ruamsook📧 (2016)

MRO that has long been viewed as low-impact, low-dollar expenditures is increasingly recognized as an opportunity for the indirect value chain to lower costs and enable operational performance.  Leading companies are now shifting away from the back-office management mentality to integrated MRO management that facilitates operational excellence, while optimizing total cost of ownerships.  In the part I of the MRO evolution whitepaper series, insights drawn from literature and interviews with MRO and indirect spend subject matter experts are presented in terms of how MRO management practices are evolving, and the changing landscape of third-party service providers amid this development.

View full paper here


Suggested citation

Tracey, Steve, and Kusumal Ruamsook. 2016. “MRO Evolution: Part 1 – Overview of Management Practices and the Role of Outsourcing.” White paper, Center for Supply Chain Research® (CSCR®), The Pennsylvania State University.