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May, 2014

  1. Happy Earth Day!

    May 12, 2014 by ang5294

    In honor of Earth Day this past month, I thought it would be fitting to focus my final civic issues post on this national holiday.

    Earth Day, which is celebrated every April 22, originated from an environmental issues awareness movement in 1970.  After the 1969 oil spill in Santa Barbara, California and a student anti-war movement, a United States Senator from Wisconsin by the name of Gaylord Nelson was inspired to start a “national teach-in on the environment.”  His vision resulted in a demonstration of approximately twenty million Americans, promoting the health of the environment and working toward a more sustainable planet.

    This image depicts Gaylord Nelson--the man responsible for the creation of Earth Day.

    This image depicts Gaylord Nelson–the man responsible for the creation of Earth Day.

    The first Earth Day was a huge success, not only because it created more awareness for environmental issues, but also because it resulted in the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (a department of the federal government responsible for environmental issues) and the passage of the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Endangered Species Act.

    The first international Earth Day was organized in 1990 by Denis Hayes.  This Earth Day was much farther-reaching than the first.  This time, Earth Day transformed into a global event, involving 141 countries and approximately 200 million people.

    This image depicts Denis Hayes, the person responsible for organizing the second Earth Day in 1990.

    This image depicts Denis Hayes, the person responsible for organizing the first international Earth Day in 1990.

    This year’s Earth Day campaign is entitled “Green Cities.” The primary focus of this campaign is to promote renewable energy practices in an effort to reduce global climate change.

    There are many ways that people can become involved in the ideas of the Earth Day campaign.  Quite obviously, you could be involved in protests, demonstrations, or other traditional forms of activism to advocate the Earth Day cause.  You could also be involved in education by teaching child and adults alike about the importance of a healthy environment and ways to promote the health of the planet.  People can make small changes in their daily lives to help protect the environment, such as following the three R’s (reduce, reuse, recycle), planting trees, and the list goes on and on.  Individuals can also speak to their local legislators about the importance of environmental protection and suggest ways in which the community can change in order promote a healthy community and a healthy world.  People can also become involved in environmental protection on a larger scale by working together with other individuals through service projects, such as cleaning up the Chesapeake Bay.

    The Earth Day campaign website also outlines a few ways that interested individuals can become involved.  If you would like to become a volunteer for the national campaign, you can complete an application on there website by following this link: http://action.earthday.net/p/salsa/web/common/public/signup?signup_page_KEY=5645.  They ask that all volunteers possess a good knowledge of Microsoft Office programs, especially Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel, and that volunteers are willing to participate in off-site events, answer phone calls, and perform various clerical tasks.

    The Earth Day campaign website also includes a section where the campaign accepts donations to fund its various environmental conservation projects.  If you are interested in donating to the Earth Day campaign, please follow this link: https://org.salsalabs.com/o/1807/p/salsa/donation/common/public/?donate_page_KEY=7091.

    Another way in which you can take part in the Earth Day campaign is by participating in the “A Billion Acts of Green” movement.  The Earth Day campaign website describes this movement as “an international movement to protect the planet and secure a sustainable future.”  Basically, this movement encourages people to participate in one “act of green.”  These “acts of green” must be acts that work to protect the environment; three of these methods are suggested on the movement’s web page.  After you complete your “act of green,” submit your name and contact information as well as a description of the act you completed, and the website will keep track of all of the acts.  The ultimate goal of the movement is to get at least one billion people worldwide to participate in and document an “act of green” to help make the planet a healthier place to live in.  You can find out more about this movement and/or participate by following this link: http://www.earthday.org/takeaction/.

    All of the information used to create this blog post was found on the official Earth Day website: http://www.earthday.org/.


  2. The Future of Biofuels

    May 12, 2014 by ang5294

    With the increasing national dependency on foreign oil, fuel sources have become a major environmental and economic issue in the United States.  The following New York Times article addresses both aspects of this issue in the context of biofuels:http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/15/business/energy-environment/dual-turning-point-for-biofuels.html?ref=earth&_r=0.

    The article mentions that even though the national dependency on foreign petroleum is increasing, there has also been an increase in fracking for shale to supply natural gas as a fuel source.  This is especially relevant in Pennsylvania as many of the Marcellus shale fields are located in the Commonwealth.  Fracking raises some environmental concerns, but it has also been shown to have a positive economic impact on the regions where fracking is performed.  Because of the potential damage to the environment, however, alternative fuel sources should be investigated.  Biofuels are one such fuel source that could help to reduce man’s impact on the environment.

    This map shows the distribution of Marcellus shale fields in the Northeast United States.  As you can see, fracking for natural gas would have a great impact in western Pennsylvania.

    This map shows the distribution of Marcellus shale fields in the Northeast United States. As you can see, fracking for natural gas would have a great impact in western Pennsylvania.

    Currently, the primary use of biofuels is in the form of ethanol, which is a cellulose derivative from corn, that is blended with gasoline.  A few hybrid cars will run on gasoline that is composed of 85% ethanol (E85), but most vehicles can only handle small concentrations of ethanol because the ethanol causes corrosive damage to the vehicle’s fuel system and gas tank.  Standard gasoline now typically contains ten or fifteen percent ethanol because most modern cars can handle these lower concentrations.

    This image shows an E85 hybrid car. This vehicle is more environmentally friendly than the standard vehicle because it operates on fuel that contains 85% ethanol.

    This image shows an E85 hybrid car. This vehicle is more environmentally friendly than the standard vehicle because it operates on fuel that contains 85% ethanol.

    However, ethanol is definitely not the perfect biofuel, and an alternative will eventually need to be found.  One reason why ethanol is not the perfect biofuel is that, as mentioned previously, it cannot be used as a fuel source without being mixed with petroleum.  This means that, as a nation, we would still be dependent on foreign oil and we would still be leaving a greater carbon footprint by burning fossil fuels to power our vehicles.

    Ethanol also poses problems as a biofuel source because it impacts the national food supply.  Land that could be used for other agricultural crops is now being used to grow corn to produce ethanol.  Additionally, corn that would normally be used to feed livestock is now being used as an ethanol source.  Since the amount of land available for cultivation and agricultural production worldwide is extremely limited, the production of corn used for ethanol not only reduces the food supply, but it also increases the price of feed used for livestock, which in turn raises the price of meat and other animal products, and even fruit and vegetable crops, in the grocery store, which is bad for both the farmer and the consumer.

    At this time, scientists are not sure how they can address the first problem mentioned (having a biofuel that does not need to be mixed with petroleum to work effectively), but potential solutions for the second problem exist and are currently being further explored.  One such solution is utilizing land that is unsuitable for agricultural crop production and using it to cultivate perennial grasses that can be used as a biofuel source.  Another alternative to growing corn for biofuel production is utilizing crop residues for cellulose extraction.  This option is not ideal, however, because many farmers choose to leave crop residues on their fields to add nutrients to the soil (which will result in fewer manure and fertilizer applications) and prevent wind and water erosion by holding the soil in its place.  Residues from the forestry industry can also be used for cellulose extraction.  These residues can include branches, tree stumps, shavings, sawdust, and many more similar wood products.  Even paper and cardboard-based products as well as some plastics can be used for cellulose extraction to create biofuels.  These products can originate from both industrial and municipal sources.  Possibly one of the most revolutionary ideas for creating biofuels is the cultivation of photosynthetic algae.  Algae is extremely low-maintenance to grow, and it has been proven to be very energy-efficient.  Scientists will still need to perfect the methods used to create biofuels from algae, however, before it can be widely used.


  3. Cows on Campus? You Bet!

    May 12, 2014 by ang5294

    For my last passion post ever, I thought that I should fulfill my civic duty and discuss part of the wonderful diversity that takes place at our beloved Pennsylvania State University.  As you may or may not know, Penn State (originally called the Farmers’ High School) was founded in 1855 as Pennsylvania’s land grant institution.  On of main missions of the land grant universities was to provide higher education to students who planned on pursuing a career as a farmer or another agricultural industry profession.  This mission continues to be reflected through our university, as our College of Agricultural Sciences is one of the best in the nation.

    One of the largest components of the College of Ag is the Animal Science Department and, within that, the Dairy Science program.  Did you know that Penn State University actually has cows on campus? Right across the road from Beaver Stadium, you can find the Penn State Dairy Complex, which houses the university’s herd of Holstein cattle.  The facility contains a milking herd of about 220 cattle in addition to calves, heifers, and dry cows.  The milk produced by these cows is used to make the dairy products at the beloved Berkey Creamery and the rest is sold to Land O’Lakes cooperative.  Some of the cattle at the facility are used in university research studies.  The Penn State dairy herd also serves as an interactive learning tool for many of the Animal Science (AN SC) courses offered at University Park.  In addition, many students work at the dairy barns to care for the cattle, and some students even live in special dorms at the dairy complex.

    You can find out more about the dairy complex by following this link: http://animalscience.psu.edu/facilities/dairy-barns

    In addition to the dairy complex, dairy cattle also play an important role at the university through the Penn State Dairy Science Club (DSCI).  This club is open to any University Park student with an interest in dairy cattle.  The club is involved in many different activities, including the Nittany Lion Fall Classic (a Holstein sale that is a major fundraiser for the club), the Holiday Cheesebox Sale (another big fundraiser), domestic and international spring trips, and Dairy Expo (a dairy showmanship contest/learning opportunity open to all University Park students).  We also crown the Penn State Dairy Princess every year, who works to promote the dairy industry to the University Park and State College communities.  Additionally, Penn State has two Collegiate Dairy Judging Teams that compete nationally at competitions at the World Dairy Expo (Madison, Wisconsin), the All-American Dairy Show (Harrisburg, PA), the Eastern States Exposition (West Springfield, Massachusetts), and the North American International Livestock Exposition (Louisville, Kentucky).

    The Pennsylvania State University provides students with many different learning opportunities.  The following is a list of dairy-related courses that the university offers.

    AN SC 100 (GN): Introduction to Animal Industries (3)

    AN SC 201: Animal Science (4)

    AN SC 225: Introduction to Dairy Judging (1)

    AN SC 310: Dairy Cattle Production & Management (3)

    AN SC 322/322H: Principles of Animal Breeding (3)

    AN SC 350: Dairy Problem Solving (2)

    AN SC 410: Advanced Dairy Herd Management (4)

    AN SC 422: Dairy Cattle Evaluation & Selection (3)

    AN SC 426: Advanced Judging & Selection [Dairy Judging Team] (2)

    AN SC 427: Milk Secretion (3)

    AN SC 432: Techniques in Cattle Reproduction (1)

    AN SC 450: Dairy Farm Management Systems (3)

    AN SC 451: Dairy Systems Analysis (1-2)

    You can find more detailed descriptions of these courses in the Undergraduate Bulletin: http://bulletins.psu.edu/undergrad/courses/A/AN%20SC/.


  4. Mastitis & Antibiotics Part 3

    May 12, 2014 by ang5294

    In this post, I will finish the previously started discussion on mastitis and antibiotic use in dairy cattle.

    As I mentioned last time, milk from a cow with mastitis may enter the bulk tank to be used for human consumption BEFORE the cow has been treated with antibiotics.  You don’t have to worry about any somatic cell clumps getting into your glass of milk, however, because the milk is filtered extremely well before entering the bulk tank.  It is filtered and tested repeatedly at the processing plant as well.  If the milk does not meet the required quality standards, it is disposed of so that it cannot enter the food supply.

    You also have no need to worry about antibiotics being present in the milk you drink.  Dairy farmers ONLY treat their cattle with antibiotics when they are SICK and the cow needs the antibiotics to fight the illness and recover.  When a cow is treated with an antibiotic, she is clearly identified so that her milk does not accidentally enter the bulk tank.  Cows that are treated with antibiotics are always milked last to ensure that the antibiotics in the milk do not contaminate the milking equipment.  When treated cows are milked, the milk is directed away from the bulk tank and dumped.  The cow’s milk cannot enter the bulk tank again until after the required withdrawal period.  A withdrawal period is the amount of time specified on a drug label that states how long a farmer must wait after a cow receives her most recent antibiotic treatment before the antibiotic is naturally cleared from the cow’s system and her milk can safely re-enter the food supply.  There are also withdrawal periods that specify how long it takes for the antibiotic to clear itself from muscle tissue and it is safe for the animal to be slaughtered for meat.

    In addition to complying with withdrawal periods, farmers can also ensure that it is safe for a cow’s milk to re-enter the food supply by performing on-farm antibiotic tests.  Milk is also tested for antibiotics on the farm by the milk truck before it is loaded onto the milk truck and at the milk processing plant.  With all of these tests to ensure milk quality and purity, milk is the most tested food by the Food and Drug Administration and is the safest food that you can consume.

    Both subclinical and clinical mastitis can typically be treated by the farmer without the presence of a veterinarian; coliform mastitis, however, is much more serious and sometimes may require veterinary assistance.  In clinical mastitis, the milk maintains its white color even though it contains clumps of leukocytes; in coliform mastitis, the milk will often appear clear or extremely watered down (and it may or may not contain clumps).  The affected cow will often go off feed and will likely suffer from a decrease in body weight, a decrease in milk production, and weakness.  In addition to intramammary antibiotics, cattle are typically given an IV of a hypertonic saline solution and possibly dextrose (sugar) or calcium.  Subclinical and clinical mastitis cases should be treated as soon as possible to prevent them from developing into coliform, and coliform cases should be taken very seriously, as they could result in the death of the animal.


  5. Mastitis & Antibiotics Part 2

    May 12, 2014 by ang5294

    In my last post, I mentioned that a California Mastitis Test (CMT) can be used as an on-farm test to diagnose subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle.  Here is how the test works:

    1) Milk from each quarter of the cow’s udder is squirted into the CMT paddle.  The paddle has four separate circle-shaped compartments–one for each quarter.

    Milk from each quarter is squirted into the CMT paddle.

    Milk from each quarter is squirted into the CMT paddle.

     

    2) The paddle is tilted sideways, allowing some of the milk from each compartment drain off of the paddle.  This is done to ensure that there is approximately the same amount of milk in each compartment.  The milk being drained moves off of the paddle through the grooves between the compartments.  Cross-compartment contamination does not occur unless this process is done incorrectly.

    3) A dye solution (typically purple dye) is added to each compartment.  The person performing the test should add the dye liberally, but he/she should try to put about the same amount of dye in each compartment.

    4) Move the paddle in a swirling motion to mix the milk with the dye.  Look at the consistency of the milk in the paddle.  If there is a film on top of the milk or light-colored flecks in the milk or if the milk has a thicker consistency or darker color with the dye, then the cow probably has subclinical mastitis.

    This is a CMT paddle after the dye mixture has been added to the milk and swirled.

    This is a CMT paddle after the dye mixture has been added to the milk and swirled.

    Clinical mastitis is a more serious form of mastitis than subclinical mastitis, and it is more easily detected.  In clinical mastitis, the clumps of leukocytes (somatic cells) are clearly visible in the milk.  These clumps can range in size from tiny flecks to large, stringy globules that can prevent proper milk flow.

    This picture shows the clumps of leukocytes left behind from milk after it was passed through a strainer.

    This picture shows the clumps of leukocytes left behind from milk after it was passed through a strainer.

    When detected, both subclinical and clinical mastitis are typically treated by intramammary antibiotics.  This means that if a cow has mastitis in her front left quarter, for example, the antibiotic will be administered through the teat canal into that quarter.  The antibiotic will only be administered into the affected quarter(s).  These antibiotics are typically administered on a daily basis for at least two days or until the mastitis disappears.

    Spectramast LC is an antibiotic commonly used to treat mastitis in dairy cattle.  We use this as a mastitis treatment on my farm.

    Spectramast LC is an antibiotic commonly used to treat mastitis in dairy cattle. We use this as a mastitis treatment on my farm.

     

    Before I explain coliform mastitis, let me first provide some information on milk quality and the standard procedures that accompany antibiotic use in dairy cattle.  First of all, before a cow is milked, milk is stripped from each of her quarters to check for abnormalities, including mastitis.  If a cow does show signs of mastitis, she will be milked normally and then treated with an antibiotic.  The farmer will make a record of this treatment and identify the cow (with a paint stick mark, removable leg band, etc.) so that it is visibly clear that the cow has been treated with antibiotics.

    I will continue this discussion in my next post.

     


  6. Mastitis & Antibiotics Part 1

    May 8, 2014 by ang5294

    Dairy farmers strive to promote the health of their cattle, but what happens when a cow gets sick?  If you are a parent with a sick child, you may try to take care of the illness with over-the-counter medications, rest, and chicken noodle soup.  If it’s something more serious, you might take your child to the doctor to figure out what the problem is and get treatment for it.  In the dairy industry, cows are cared for in almost the same way.

    Just as it is expensive, time-consuming, and a little bit ridiculous to take your child to the doctor for having a cold, it is more reasonable in the dairy industry for farmers to treat their own cattle than it is to have a veterinarian drive out to the farm.

    The most common and costly ailment that dairy cattle face is mastitis–an infection of the mammary system (udder).  Mastitis is obviously a huge issue because, in addition to harming the health of the cow, it causes a decrease in milk production and milk quality.  A variety of different pathogens can lead to mastitis in cattle.  Mastitis is often contracted from environmental sources (non-contagious); more serious forms are mastitis are contagious and can be contracted from direct contact with other cattle or indirect contact (for example, milking equipment or the hands of the person milking the cows).

    There are many different degrees in which mastitis can affect a cow, and most of them can be treated by the farmer without consulting a veterinarian.  Mastitis is commonly categorized as subclinical, clinical, or coliform.

    Subclinical mastitis is least serious type of mastitis.  There are no visible signs of mastitis in the milk in this form (let me go on a quick side rant to explain what this means).  Milk is composed of a variety of different components, and body cells (somatic cells) from the cows can always be found in small levels in milk.  Even though the presence of these cells in milk is completely natural, high levels of somatic cells are undesirable, as they reduce milk quality.  A common cause of a high somatic cell count (SCC) in dairy cows is mastitis.  When a cow becomes infected with mastitis, an immune response is triggered, causing white blood cells (leukocytes) to accumulate in the udder to fight the infection-causing agents.  These leukocytes are somatic cells so this would logically increase a cow’s SCC.  These leukocytes tend to stick to each other, forming clumps of cells.  In subclinical mastitis, these cells are typically too tiny to be seen by the naked eye.  However, the cow may show other symptoms of mastitis (swollen udder quarter, hot quarter, kicking or other discomfort during milking, going “off feed” [not eating], etc.).  Additionally, milk test results should indicate a high SCC, and a California Mastitis Test (CMT) can sometimes detect this form of mastitis.

    In my next post, I will continue the discussion of mastitis and antibiotic use in dairy cattle, starting out by explaining how the previously mentioned CMT works.


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