Tag Archives: ancient history

Pre-colonial Nigerian History

When talking about Nigeria and its history, one must take into account how young of a country Nigeria actually is. Nigeria as a whole only dates back to 1914, that’s when the British formed the country by grouping several small northern and southern regions. The region of Nigeria itself has been in existence for a very long time and has been home to many different Africans and their different civilizations. From the 12th century up until the actual creation of Nigeria in 1914 many different groups have lived and governed in the area, but not all of them lived and obeyed the same kings and rulers.

During the 12th century in West Africa, there were no specific countries just various empires, kingdoms and states of sorts. In the southern part of current Nigeria and more towards the west is where archeologists believe one of the first complex societies arose in Western Africa. The site of this called Igbo-Ukwu and was actually believed to have been around since 900 CE but wasn’t as developed. As time passed into the 12th century the area had developed well-organized trade networks with other African ‘states’. In this time trade was one of the more important aspects of life. In the Nigerian area there are a few specific groups, which include the Songhay Empire, the Yoruba Empire and the Kaneem-Borno with a small portion of the Mali Empire mixed in as well. The main ‘Nigerian’ empire was the Yoruba Empire, which is located in modern day Nigeria and is what I’m going to highlight. Within the Yoruba Empire there are three states/kingdoms; State of Ife, Kingdom of Benin and the Kingdom of Oyo.

The State of Ife was established roughly around 1100 CE strategically in the southern area of Nigeria. In the southern part of Nigeria, the state borders the forest-filled southern Nigeria and the Northern savannas making it a hot spot for trade. A big place for ivory, gold, pepper, kola cuts and also slaves the State of Ife stayed supreme until the Kingdom of Benin in 1500 CE rose to power. Today there are currently around one million people who considered themselves as ‘Ife’ while speaking the Yoruba language, which comes from the old state.

The Kingdom of Benin despite the name is located in modern day Nigeria. The kingdom spanned over seven hundred years and was home to many different kings. During the 14th century (1400 CE) a king by the name of Ewuare expanded the kingdom to the west and east, conquering the new territory swiftly. In the 16th century the king at the time, Esigie, expanded even more but that being the last of expansion. For the Kingdom of Benin and most areas at this time trade was a very important part of life. Traders from northern ‘states’ traded horses and salt in exchange for ivory, pepper and palm products from the coastal areas. In the later time of the kingdoms control towards the 16th century trading slaves to Europeans became very profitable.

Lastly, the Kingdom of Oyo located in the southwestern part of modern day Nigeria, which started as a prominent city developed into a vast empire. In the 15th century they surpassed the State of Ife in terms of power but Ife remained a prosperous center for religion. The prime time of the Kingdom of Oyo was during the 17th and 18th centuries. This is when the Kingdom of Oyo expanded to the southern Atlantic coast and vanquished the Dahomey Kingdom, which was located in modern day Benin. Similar to the State of Ife the Kingdom of Oyo made sure their kingdom was in a prominent trade route position, making building a vast kingdom very ‘simple’.Nigerian Dignitaries, 1841    William Allen, A Narrative of the Expedition sent by Her Majestys Government to the River Niger, in 1841 (London, 1848)

Rich Ancient History of S.A!!

South African Image

Through the eyes of South Africa you wouldn’t expect anything less different other than what you see or hear when you explore this country. The Ancient History behind this country for myself is very much gratifying to learn more about.  This section of South Africa allows one to climb the most ancient rocks on earth, walk in the footsteps of dinosaurs, and discover the very emergence of humankind. During the pre-colonial period of Southern Africa’s history, the first rocks were formed around four billion years ago that cooled the earth that laid the foundation for South Africa. Amongst the oldest are found along the Greenstone Belt stretching from northern KwaZulu-Natal to the Soutpansberg Mountains in Limpopo Province. It was about two billion years ago that in this part of the country that a massive meteorite hit what is now known as the Vredefort Dome, a World heritage site near the free state town of Parys. Thankfully this was not the end of the cataclysmic ancient history of South Africa.

South Africa has ties to one particular kingdom. This kingdom is know as the Zulu Kingdom. At the end of the 18th century, all over the south part Africa small tribal groups were combining into larger communities. This was by no means a peaceful process, but the result of protracted wars. The rise of the Zulu Kingdom falls into this crutical period. Through amazing atrocities and cruelties the infamous Zulu warrior Shaka gained control over a number of Zulu clans. He expanded his territory systematically. Shaka’s warriors raided Zulu villages and burnt them down. South African women and children were gored to death and South African young men were called up and chiefs tortured and forced into allegiance.

Shaka is the son of Zulu chief Senzangakhona and the young girl by the name of Nandi, a member of the Langeni clan. As a young man when Shaka joined the army of Dingiswayo he soon became their highest commander and ruler. With the support of Dingiswayo he gained supremacy over the Zulu clan, enforcing his claimagainst his opponents with the most ferocious brutality. Under Shaka the Zulu territory expanded greatly. All the clans had to subject themselves to the one leader. At the beginning of the 19th century, Shaka had created the most powerful empire in the whole of southern Africa and was king of the Zulu nation.

Religion plays an important part to millions of people’s lives across the world, thousands of African people are converted to Christianity every day and many practice faith through prayer and worship. South Africa is called the rainbow nation because of its variety of people, cultures and religions. The people follow many spiritual traditions and religious faiths. In South Africa the constitution protects freedom of religion. Everyone is free to follow whatever faith they want to, or not to follow one at all. In South Africa, more than 70 percent of the maize crop consists of genetically modified produce. This is a clear indication that the technology provides benefits for farmers.

One fascinating part of South Africa’s ancient history I found interesting was the Stone Age period. Hominids began to manufacture stone tools about 2.5 million years ago, beginning the Earlier Stone Age. Flakes were a perfect example at the core of Stone Age. They were used for such activities as cutting meat and skinning animals. So far as I have looked more closely at South Africa’s ancient history there is a lot thats said and done that no one can replace or touch the rich history South Africa has to offer that I was personally captivated by and coming from my cultural background i’m more eager than ever before.

Source : www.krugerpark.co.za/early-stone-age-kruger-national-park.html

 

 

Land of Punt: Ancient Somalia

Somalia can be dated back to the prehistoric era as far as 9,000 BC, and proof of this has been found in Laas Gaal caves. Archaeologists have found some of the earliest known rock paintings and descriptions on the African continent. However the texts written on the cave walls still haven’t been able to be deciphered. Also genetic research has proven that the Somalia DNA originates from Egypt. Ancient pyramid structures, tombs and stonewalls have been found in Somalia which brings about evidence of ancient sophisticated civilization.

Somalia was known as the Kingdom of Punt, which was an ancient society with their own writing system. The current language is also a survived ancient-Egyptian language. They also had trading relations with ancient Egypt and Mycenaean Greece since at least the 2nd millennium BC. Punt was sacred to the Egyptians because they supplied them with majority of there rice. Also, Egyptian ships could reach the shores of Somalia and obtain valuable goods like myrrh, ebony, and animals.

56dd8512dd30

The Egyptians would occasionally refer to the Land of as Ta-Netjeru, which meant the land of gods. Ancient Egypt believed that they had originated from the Land of Punt and there people migrated down stream of the Nile River to the lands of Egypt. They also state even their Queen Hatshepsut was also from the lands of Somalia. The Egyptian culture shaped allot of ancient Somalia’s religious beliefs, which I will be discussing next.

Dhaqan, which in the Somali language means religion, was established during the pre-islamic times, and was practiced as a complex Monotheistic belief. This belief was referenced to practice the worship of Eebe, which in Somali means God also referred to as Waaq. Waaq was said to have lived in the heavens, and whenever the Somalis successfully prayed for rain it was known as Bar-waaqo, which in Somali means God’s rain. The Ayaanle in Ancient Somalia were known as the good spirits or Angels and acted as mediators between God Eebe and humans. They were said to be bringers of luck and blessings from Eebe in Somalia what they call today is Ayaanlayaal. Hoobal was another God in the Somali Religion. Many old Somali folk songs still contain references to this God. The Somalis would say “Heedhe Hoobalwa”. There were many Gods to which the Somali people prayed to due to historical beliefs of different circumstances of praise and punishment. For example the messenger of Death, also known as Huur or Xuur, came in the form of a large bird, and was said to have played a similar role to the God Waaq. Nidar was the righter of wrong. He was considered the champion of those that were exploited by their fellow humans. This deity has survived in modern Somalia as a popular saying; Nidar Ba Ku Heli, which in translation means Nidar will find and punish you. These for the most part are the main religious standpoints in ancient Somali times, and to this day are still practiced and worshipped.

In closing, finding good sources for this site wasn’t very complicated as Google contains alot of information on this topic. Some of the sources that I used were www.flickr.com, Historical Relationships Between Ancient Egypt And the Land of Punt Somalia, and http://www.nairaland.com, The Ancient Religions of Eebe Waaq.